Prevalence, Antimicrobial Drug Resistance and Associated Risk Factors of Streptococcus Pneumoniae Bacteria Infection Among Under-Five Children With Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infection Attending Sheik Hassan Yebere Referral Hospital, Jig-Jiga, Ethiopia

There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

Abstract

Background

Pneumonia is inflammation of the lung. The Streptococcus pneumoniae ( S. pneumoniae) is commensal in the upper airway and can cause infection to under-five children. The bacteria is gram-positive diplococci, catalase negative, and optochin sensitive. The bacteria is the leading cause of bacterial pneumonia among under-five children. No similar data is reported from the current study area.

Objective

To determine prevalence, antimicrobial drug resistance and associated factors of S. pneumoniae infection among under-five children with acute lower respiratory tract infection attending Sheck Hassan Yebere Referral Hospital from March 1 to April 30, 2021 Jig-Jiga, Ethiopia.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted among 374 study participants selected by convenience sampling method. A structured questionnaire was used to collect child data. Nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal swabs were collected and diagnosed to isolate S. pneumoniae by using culture then identified by biochemical examination. Later antimicrobial drug resistance testing was performed by Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method. All data were entered on epi-data 3.1 then exported to SPSS version 22 to calculate analysis. Statistically significant value was found by calculating an adjusted odds ratio with p-value ≤ 0.05 in a multivariate logistic regression model.

Results

Among 374 under-five children, 180 (48.1%) were males and 109 (29.2%) were from low income families. The overall prevalence of S. pneumoniae infection in the study was 18% (95% CI 14.4–22.2). No window (AOR=2.8 CI 1.1–7.6), no/non-exclusive breast-feeding (AOR= 2.1 CI 1.1–4.1), and previous URTI (AOR= 3.2 CI 1.7–6.1) were significantly associated with S. pneumoniae infection. The isolated organism showed drug resistance for Cotrimoxazole (35%), and Tetracycline (34%).

Conclusion

The prevalence and antimicrobial resistance in this study were comparatively high. No window, non-exclusive breast-feeding and previous URTI were associated with S. pneumoniae infection. The isolated S. pneumoniae showed high drug resistance to cotrimoxazole and tetracycline.

Related collections

Most cited references 35

Record: found
Abstract: found
Article: not found

Global burden of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea

Christa L Fischer Walker, Igor Rudan, Li Liu … (2013)

Summary Diarrhoea and pneumonia are the leading infectious causes of childhood morbidity and mortality. We comprehensively reviewed the epidemiology of childhood diarrhoea and pneumonia in 2010–11 to inform the planning of integrated control programmes for both illnesses. We estimated that, in 2010, there were 1·731 billion episodes of diarrhoea (36 million of which progressed to severe episodes) and 120 million episodes of pneumonia (14 million of which progressed to severe episodes) in children younger than 5 years. We estimated that, in 2011, 700 000 episodes of diarrhoea and 1·3 million of pneumonia led to death. A high proportion of deaths occurs in the first 2 years of life in both diseases—72% for diarrhoea and 81% for pneumonia. The epidemiology of childhood diarrhoea and that of pneumonia overlap, which might be partly because of shared risk factors, such as undernutrition, suboptimum breastfeeding, and zinc deficiency. Rotavirus is the most common cause of vaccine-preventable severe diarrhoea (associated with 28% of cases), and Streptococcus pneumoniae (18·3%) of vaccine-preventable severe pneumonia. Morbidity and mortality from childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea are falling, but action is needed globally and at country level to accelerate the reduction.

0 comments Cited 352 times – based on 0 reviews      Review now

Bookmark

Record: found
Abstract: found
Article: found

Is Open Access

Epidemiology and etiology of childhood pneumonia

Igor Rudan, Cynthia Boschi-Pinto, Zrinka Biloglav … (2008)

Childhood pneumonia is the leading single cause of mortality in children aged less than 5 years. The incidence in this age group is estimated to be 0.29 episodes per child-year in developing and 0.05 episodes per child-year in developed countries. This translates into about 156 million new episodes each year worldwide, of which 151 million episodes are in the developing world. Most cases occur in India (43 million), China (21 million) and Pakistan (10 million), with additional high numbers in Bangladesh, Indonesia and Nigeria (6 million each). Of all community cases, 7-13% are severe enough to be life-threatening and require hospitalization. Substantial evidence revealed that the leading risk factors contributing to pneumonia incidence are lack of exclusive breastfeeding, undernutrition, indoor air pollution, low birth weight, crowding and lack of measles immunization. Pneumonia is responsible for about 19% of all deaths in children aged less than 5 years, of which more than 70% take place in sub-Saharan Africa and south-east Asia. Although based on limited available evidence, recent studies have identified Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and respiratory syncytial virus as the main pathogens associated with childhood pneumonia.

0 comments Cited 119 times – based on 0 reviews      Review now

Bookmark

Record: found
Abstract: found
Article: not found

The Streptococcus pneumoniae capsule inhibits complement activity and neutrophil phagocytosis by multiple mechanisms.

Emilie Camberlein, Katie Bax, K C Hyams … (2010)

The Streptococcus pneumoniae capsule is vital for virulence and may inhibit complement activity and phagocytosis. However, there are only limited data on the mechanisms by which the capsule affects complement and the consequences for S. pneumoniae interactions with phagocytes. Using unencapsulated serotype 2 and 4 S. pneumoniae mutants, we have confirmed that the capsule has several effects on complement activity. The capsule impaired bacterial opsonization with C3b/iC3b by both the alternative and classical complement pathways and also inhibited conversion of C3b bound to the bacterial surface to iC3b. There was increased binding of the classical pathway mediators immunoglobulin G (IgG) and C-reactive protein (CRP) to unencapsulated S. pneumoniae, indicating that the capsule could inhibit classical pathway complement activity by masking antibody recognition of subcapsular antigens, as well as by inhibiting CRP binding. Cleavage of serum IgG by the enzyme IdeS reduced C3b/iC3b deposition on all of the strains, but there were still marked increases in C3b/iC3b deposition on unencapsulated TIGR4 and D39 strains compared to encapsulated strains, suggesting that the capsule inhibits both IgG-mediated and IgG-independent complement activity against S. pneumoniae. Unencapsulated strains were more susceptible to neutrophil phagocytosis after incubation in normal serum, normal serum treated with IdeS, complement-deficient serum, and complement-deficient serum treated with IdeS or in buffer alone, suggesting that the capsule inhibits phagocytosis mediated by Fcgamma receptors, complement receptors, and nonopsonic receptors. Overall, these data show that the S. pneumoniae capsule affects multiple aspects of complement- and neutrophil-mediated immunity, resulting in a profound inhibition of opsonophagocytosis.

0 comments Cited 113 times – based on 0 reviews      Review now

Bookmark

All references

Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Infect Drug Resist

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Infect Drug Resist

Journal ID (publisher-id): idr

Title: Infection and Drug Resistance

Publisher: Dove

ISSN (Electronic): 1178-6973

Publication date (Electronic): 02 June 2023

Publication date Collection: 2023

Volume: 16

Pages: 3511-3523

Affiliations

[1 ]Medical Laboratory Sciences Department, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Science, Jig-Jiga University , Jig-Jiga, Ethiopia

[2 ]Public Health Department, School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, Jig-Jiga University , Jig-Jiga, Ethiopia

[3 ]Midwifery Department, School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Science, Jig-Jiga University , Jig-Jiga, Ethiopia

Author notes

Correspondence: Surafel Mekuria, Email surafelmekuria@gmail.com

Author information

Surafel Mekuria http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5683-6785

Tahir Yousuf Nour http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6406-5821

Addisu Tesfaye http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7017-4012

Abdurahman Kedir Roble http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0567-8737

Article

Publisher ID: 409919

DOI: 10.2147/IDR.S409919

PMC ID: 10243350

SO-VID: 50b54306-2781-4b24-b0c4-86dcd6fe124b

License:

This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited. The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms ( https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php).

History

Date received : 14 March 2023

Date accepted : 19 May 2023

Page count

Figures: 0, Tables: 7, References: 39, Pages: 13

Funding

Funded by: research project was obtained from Jig-Jiga University Research Directorate;

The funding for this research project was obtained from Jig-Jiga University Research Directorate.

Prevalence, Antimicrobial Drug Resistance and Associated Risk Factors of Streptococcus Pneumoniae Bacteria Infection Among Under-Five Children With Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infection Attending Sheik Hassan Yebere Referral Hospital, Jig-Jiga, Ethiopia

Read this article at

Abstract

Background

Objective

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Related collections

Point-Of-Care Testing for AMR

Most cited references 35

Global burden of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea

Epidemiology and etiology of childhood pneumonia

The Streptococcus pneumoniae capsule inhibits complement activity and neutrophil phagocytosis by multiple mechanisms.

Author and article information

Journal

Affiliations

Author notes

Author information

Article

History

Page count

Funding

Categories

Comments

Comment on this article

Similar content 212

Most referenced authors 455