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      Effect of meteorological parameters on spread of COVID-19 in India and air quality during lockdown

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      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: The Science of the Total Environment
      Publisher: Elsevier B.V.
      Keywords: Novel Coronavirus, India, Summer, COVID-19, Pandemic, Absolute humidity

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          Abstract

          The novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) was identified in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, in December 2019 and has created a medical emergency worldwide. In India, it is already reported more than 855 thousand cases and more than 22 thousands deaths due to COVID-19 till July 12, 2020. The role of temperature, humidity, and absolute humidity in the transmission of COVID-19 has not yet been well established. In contrast, for the previous many viral infections like influenza, it is well established. Therefore the study to investigate the meteorological condition for incidence and spread of COVID-19 infection and to provide a scientific basis for prevention and control measures against the new disease is required for India. In this work, we analyze daily averaged meteorological data for the last three years (2017–2019) for March, April and May months and the same for the year 2020 for March 1 to May 31. We found a positive association between daily COVID-19 cases and temperature and a mixed association with relative and absolute humidity over India. We have investigated the association of aerosols (AOD) and other pollutions (NO 2) with COVID-19 cases during the study period and also during the lockdown period (25 March-31 May) in India. During the lockdown period, aerosols (AOD) and NO 2 reduced sharply with a maximum percentage drop of about 60 and 45, respectively. We have also found the reduction in surface PM 2.5 PM 10 and NO 2 for the six mega cities of India during the lockdown period. Our results suggest that COVID-19 still may spread in warm, humid regions or during summer/monsoon, therefore an effective public health intervention should be implemented across India to slow down the transmission of COVID-19.

          Graphical abstract

          Variability of surface PM 2.5, PM 10 and NO 2 at six mega cities of India during lockdown (1 March-31 May 2020).

          Highlights

          • •

            First study on the effects of meteorological factors on COVID-19 cases in India

          • •

            A positive association between daily new cases of COVID-19 with temperature

          • •

            RH and AH show mixed association with daily new cases of COVID-19.

          • •

            Early lockdown in India slows down the spread of contagious disease COVID-19.

          • •

            More than 45% fall was found in AOD and NO 2 values during the lockdown period.

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          Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with SARS-CoV-1

          Neeltje van Doremalen, Trenton Bushmaker, Dylan H Morris … (2021)
          To the Editor: A novel human coronavirus that is now named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (formerly called HCoV-19) emerged in Wuhan, China, in late 2019 and is now causing a pandemic. 1 We analyzed the aerosol and surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 and compared it with SARS-CoV-1, the most closely related human coronavirus. 2 We evaluated the stability of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-1 in aerosols and on various surfaces and estimated their decay rates using a Bayesian regression model (see the Methods section in the Supplementary Appendix, available with the full text of this letter at NEJM.org). SARS-CoV-2 nCoV-WA1-2020 (MN985325.1) and SARS-CoV-1 Tor2 (AY274119.3) were the strains used. Aerosols (<5 μm) containing SARS-CoV-2 (105.25 50% tissue-culture infectious dose [TCID50] per milliliter) or SARS-CoV-1 (106.75-7.00 TCID50 per milliliter) were generated with the use of a three-jet Collison nebulizer and fed into a Goldberg drum to create an aerosolized environment. The inoculum resulted in cycle-threshold values between 20 and 22, similar to those observed in samples obtained from the upper and lower respiratory tract in humans. Our data consisted of 10 experimental conditions involving two viruses (SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-1) in five environmental conditions (aerosols, plastic, stainless steel, copper, and cardboard). All experimental measurements are reported as means across three replicates. SARS-CoV-2 remained viable in aerosols throughout the duration of our experiment (3 hours), with a reduction in infectious titer from 103.5 to 102.7 TCID50 per liter of air. This reduction was similar to that observed with SARS-CoV-1, from 104.3 to 103.5 TCID50 per milliliter (Figure 1A). SARS-CoV-2 was more stable on plastic and stainless steel than on copper and cardboard, and viable virus was detected up to 72 hours after application to these surfaces (Figure 1A), although the virus titer was greatly reduced (from 103.7 to 100.6 TCID50 per milliliter of medium after 72 hours on plastic and from 103.7 to 100.6 TCID50 per milliliter after 48 hours on stainless steel). The stability kinetics of SARS-CoV-1 were similar (from 103.4 to 100.7 TCID50 per milliliter after 72 hours on plastic and from 103.6 to 100.6 TCID50 per milliliter after 48 hours on stainless steel). On copper, no viable SARS-CoV-2 was measured after 4 hours and no viable SARS-CoV-1 was measured after 8 hours. On cardboard, no viable SARS-CoV-2 was measured after 24 hours and no viable SARS-CoV-1 was measured after 8 hours (Figure 1A). Both viruses had an exponential decay in virus titer across all experimental conditions, as indicated by a linear decrease in the log10TCID50 per liter of air or milliliter of medium over time (Figure 1B). The half-lives of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-1 were similar in aerosols, with median estimates of approximately 1.1 to 1.2 hours and 95% credible intervals of 0.64 to 2.64 for SARS-CoV-2 and 0.78 to 2.43 for SARS-CoV-1 (Figure 1C, and Table S1 in the Supplementary Appendix). The half-lives of the two viruses were also similar on copper. On cardboard, the half-life of SARS-CoV-2 was longer than that of SARS-CoV-1. The longest viability of both viruses was on stainless steel and plastic; the estimated median half-life of SARS-CoV-2 was approximately 5.6 hours on stainless steel and 6.8 hours on plastic (Figure 1C). Estimated differences in the half-lives of the two viruses were small except for those on cardboard (Figure 1C). Individual replicate data were noticeably “noisier” (i.e., there was more variation in the experiment, resulting in a larger standard error) for cardboard than for other surfaces (Fig. S1 through S5), so we advise caution in interpreting this result. We found that the stability of SARS-CoV-2 was similar to that of SARS-CoV-1 under the experimental circumstances tested. This indicates that differences in the epidemiologic characteristics of these viruses probably arise from other factors, including high viral loads in the upper respiratory tract and the potential for persons infected with SARS-CoV-2 to shed and transmit the virus while asymptomatic. 3,4 Our results indicate that aerosol and fomite transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is plausible, since the virus can remain viable and infectious in aerosols for hours and on surfaces up to days (depending on the inoculum shed). These findings echo those with SARS-CoV-1, in which these forms of transmission were associated with nosocomial spread and super-spreading events, 5 and they provide information for pandemic mitigation efforts.
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            COVID-19 may transmit through aerosol

            Juan Wang, Guoqiang Du (2020)
            Dear Editor, On Feb 18, the National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China published the guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19 infection (trial version 6) [1]. With the awareness and understanding of the disease, the guidelines show that the droplets and close contact transmission are the main routes of transmission, and aerosol transmission is possible under the condition of long exposure to high concentrations of aerosols in a relatively closed environment [1]. Aerosols are particles formed by solid or liquid particles dispersed and suspended in the air. They contain soil particles, industrial dust particles, particulates emitted by automobiles, bacteria, microorganisms, plant spore powders, and other components. When a person, who was infected with the virus, coughs, sneezes, breathes vigorously, or speaks loudly, the virus will be excreted from the body and may dissolve with the aerosol and become the bio-aerosols. The particles in a bio-aerosol are generally 0.3 to 100 μm in diameter; however, the respirable size fraction of 1 to 10 μm is of primary concern. Bio-aerosols ranging in size from 1.0 to 5.0 μm generally remain in the air, whereas larger particles are deposited on surfaces. Droplets are droplets of saliva discharged by people sneezing or coughing, and their particle size is generally 1 to 5 mm. They spread in a space of about 1 to 2 m from the source of infection. However, the aerosol can travel hundreds of meters or more. More importantly, current researches have proven that aerosols are involved in the spread of SARS, MERS, H1N1, and some other diseases [2–5]. If COVID-19 infection cannot transmit by aerosol, it will hardly to explain some confirmed cases. On Feb 3, the Disease Control Department of Dalat Banner, Ordos City, Inner Mongolia, announced that the fourth confirmed case lived upstairs of the first confirmed case, who went up and down the building several times by passing by the door of the first confirmed case, of whom the door was often opened and there was some domestic garbage beside the door [6]. Moreover, four clinical laboratory technicians in the Department of Clinical Laboratory of Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan, were infected with COVID-19, of whom had no contact with the confirmed cases [7]. How did they get infected? One possibility is that the patients’ blood samples are exposed to the air to form aerosols, and the viruses in the aerosols are transmitted to the four technicians. All in all, COVID-19 may transmit through aerosol directly, but it needs to be further verified by experiments. If the aerosols can spread COVID-19, prevention and control will be much more difficult.
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              High Temperature and High Humidity Reduce the Transmission of COVID-19

              Jingyuan Wang, Ke Tang, Kai Feng … (2020)
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Sarvan Kumar
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Sci Total Environ
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Sci. Total Environ
                Title: The Science of the Total Environment
                Publisher: Elsevier B.V.
                ISSN (Print): 0048-9697
                ISSN (Electronic): 1879-1026
                Publication date PMC-release: 19 July 2020
                Publication date (Print): 25 November 2020
                Publication date (Electronic): 19 July 2020
                Volume: 745
                Page: 141021
                Affiliations
                Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Prof. Rajendra Singh (Rajju Bhaiya) Institute of Physical Sciences for Study and Research, Veer Bahadur Singh Purvanchal University, Jaunpur 222003, Uttar Pradesh, India
                Article
                Publisher ID: S0048-9697(20)34550-2 Publisher ID: 141021
                DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141021
                PMC ID: 7369006
                PubMed ID: 32702548
                SO-VID: 50cbd5c1-0f77-4b2b-9ffa-99b2cf796d87
                Copyright © © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
                License:

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

                History
                Date received : 22 April 2020
                Date revision received : 12 July 2020
                Date accepted : 15 July 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: General environmental science
                Keywords: novel coronavirus,india,summer,covid-19,pandemic,absolute humidity
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: General environmental science
                Keywords: novel coronavirus, india, summer, covid-19, pandemic, absolute humidity

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