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      Parasite abundance and its determinants in fishes from Brazil: an eco-epidemiological approach Translated title: Abundância parasitária e seus determinantes em peixes do Brasil: uma abordagem ecoepidemiológica

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          Abstract

          Abstract The variability in parasite abundance has an ecological basis; however, from an epidemiological point of view, the contribution of factors inherent to the host to the variability in parasite abundance remains an open question. A database consisting of 3,746 specimens of 73 fish species was used to verify the relation between the distribution of parasite abundance in fishes and a set of biotic factors inherent to the hosts. Classical and mixed Poisson regression models were constructed. Prevalence ratios (PR) and their respective 95% confidence intervals were estimated. The parasite abundance was significantly higher in female hosts, nonschooling species, species from benthopelagic and pelagic habitats, and fishes with greater body length. Overall, these results suggest that the variability in the abundance of infection is an attribute of the parasite species. Although the results are biologically plausible, important gaps may still exist and should be explored to better understand the variations in parasite abundance, which has great relevance in epidemiological studies. We reinforce the importance of choosing the statistical model most appropriate for the nature of the data to avoid spurious results, especially when the autocorrelation in the data is not taken into account.

          Translated abstract

          Resumo A variabilidade na abundância parasitária tem embasamento na perspectiva ecológica, entretanto, do ponto de vista epidemiológico, permanece em aberto a possibilidade da contribuição de fatores inerentes aos hospedeiros para essa variabilidade. Foram analisados 3.746 espécimes, pertencentes a 73 espécies de peixes, para verificar a relação entre a distribuição da abundância parasitária em peixes e um conjunto de fatores bióticos inerentes aos hospedeiros. Modelos de Regressão de Poisson clássico e misto foram ajustados. As razões de prevalência (RP) e seus respectivos intervalos, com 95% de confiança, foram estimados. A abundância parasitária foi significativamente maior em hospedeiros fêmeas, não formadoras de cardumes, de hábitats bentopelágico e pelágico e com maior comprimento do corporal. De um modo geral, esses resultados sugerem que a abundância de infecção é um atributo da espécie de parasitos que pode ser variável. Apesar dos resultados apresentarem plausibilidade biológica, ainda pode haver lacunas importantes a serem exploradas para o melhor entendimento das variações da abundância parasitária que, por sua vez, tem grande relevância nos estudos epidemiológicos. Reforça-se a importância da escolha de um modelo estatístico mais adequado à natureza dos dados, evitando-se resultados espúrios, principalmente quando não se leva em conta a autocorrelação entre os dados.

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          Most cited references39

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          Emphasizing the ecology in parasite community ecology.

          In natural systems, individuals are often co-infected by many species of parasites. However, the significance of interactions between species and the processes that shape within-host parasite communities remain unclear. Studies of parasite community ecology are often descriptive, focusing on patterns of parasite abundance across host populations rather than on the mechanisms that underlie interactions within a host. These within-host interactions are crucial for determining the fitness and transmissibility of co-infecting parasite species. Here, we highlight how techniques from community ecology can be used to restructure the approaches used to study parasite communities. We discuss insights offered by this mechanistic approach that will be crucial for predicting the impact on wildlife and human health of disease control measures, climate change or novel parasite species introductions.
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            The disparity between observed and uniform distributions: a new look at parasite aggregation.

            A simple new measure of parasite aggregation is described, the index of discrepancy (D). It quantifies the difference between the observed parasite distribution, and the hypothetical distribution that corresponds to the ideal case where all hosts harbour the same number of parasites. This index, computed for parasite distributions obtained from the literature, is compared to 2 other measures of aggregation, the variance to mean ratio and the parameter k of the negative binomial distribution. Both k and D indicate that aggregation decreases when the prevalence of infection and the mean number of parasites per host increase, while the variance to mean ratio suggests the opposite. Since an increase in prevalence means that parasites exploit a greater proportion of the available hosts and are thus not concentrating in only a few, aggregation should be inversely proportional to prevalence. Unlike k and D, the variance to mean ratio is a host-centered measure that is not very sensitive to the distribution of parasites. The index of discrepancy, on the other hand, is not only much easier to compute than k, but focuses on the difference between an ideal, uniform distribution and the one actually displayed by parasites. Since what it measures is what parasitologists mean by aggregation, the new index appears to be a more adequate measure of aggregation than other measures currently used.
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              Epidemiology meets evolutionary ecology

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rbpv
                Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária
                Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet.
                Colégio Brasileiro de Parasitologia Veterinária
                1984-2961
                June 2016
                : 25
                : 2
                : 196-201
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro Brazil
                [2 ] Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro Brazil
                [3 ] Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro Brazil
                Article
                S1984-29612016000200196
                10.1590/S1984-29612016033
                5154c46b-12e2-43e2-8cf1-a358440ed07b

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1984-2961&lng=en
                Categories
                PARASITOLOGY
                VETERINARY SCIENCES

                Parasitology,General veterinary medicine
                Epidemiologia,ecologia parasitária,análise de regressão multivariada,modelo misto,ecologia parasitária de peixe,Epidemiology,parasite ecology,multivariate regression analysis,mixed model,fish parasite ecology

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