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      Legionella longbeachae and Endocarditis

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          Abstract

          We report a case of infectious endocarditis attributable to Legionella longbeachae. L. longbeachae is usually associated with lung infections. It is commonly found in composted waste wood products. L. longbeachae should be regarded as an agent of infectious endocarditis, notably in the context of gardening involving handling of potting soils.

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          Most cited references13

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          16S ribosomal DNA amplification for phylogenetic study.

          A set of oligonucleotide primers capable of initiating enzymatic amplification (polymerase chain reaction) on a phylogenetically and taxonomically wide range of bacteria is described along with methods for their use and examples. One pair of primers is capable of amplifying nearly full-length 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) from many bacterial genera; the additional primers are useful for various exceptional sequences. Methods for purification of amplified material, direct sequencing, cloning, sequencing, and transcription are outlined. An obligate intracellular parasite of bovine erythrocytes, Anaplasma marginale, is used as an example; its 16S rDNA was amplified, cloned, sequenced, and phylogenetically placed. Anaplasmas are related to the genera Rickettsia and Ehrlichia. In addition, 16S rDNAs from several species were readily amplified from material found in lyophilized ampoules from the American Type Culture Collection. By use of this method, the phylogenetic study of extremely fastidious or highly pathogenic bacterial species can be carried out without the need to culture them. In theory, any gene segment for which polymerase chain reaction primer design is possible can be derived from a readily obtainable lyophilized bacterial culture.
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            Sequence-based classification scheme for the genus Legionella targeting the mip gene.

            The identification and speciation of strains of Legionella is often difficult, and even the more successful chromatographic classification techniques have struggled to discriminate newly described species. A sequence-based genotypic classification scheme is reported, targeting approximately 700 nucleotide bases of the mip gene and utilizing gene amplification and direct amplicon sequencing. With the exception of Legionella geestiana, for which an amplicon was not produced, the scheme clearly and unambiguously discriminated among the remaining 39 Legionella species and correctly grouped 26 additional serogroup and reference strains within those species. Additionally, the genotypic classification of approximately 150 wild strains from several continents was consistent with their phenotypic classification, with the exception of a few strains where serological cross-reactivity was complex, potentially confusing the latter classification. Strains thought to represent currently uncharacterized species were also found to be genotypically unique. The scheme is technically simple for a laboratory with even basic molecular capabilities and equipment, if access to a sequencing laboratory is available.
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              Modification of the diagnostic criteria proposed by the Duke Endocarditis Service to permit improved diagnosis of Q fever endocarditis.

              Q fever endocarditis is a life-threatening disease for which the diagnosis is usually based on serology. The major microbiologic criterion for the diagnosis of infectious endocarditis (two separate positive blood cultures) cannot be achieved in most routine laboratories because of the biohazard associated with the culture of Coxiella burnetii, the etiological agent of Q fever. Recently, new criteria for the diagnosis of infectious endocarditis have been proposed, and in this study we attempted to assess the suitability of these criteria specifically for the diagnosis of Q fever endocarditis. To achieve this aim, we first selected from our series 20 recent cases in whom endocarditis had been confirmed following valvular pathological examination, and for whom microbiological evidence for the involvement of C burnetii was available. Then, we applied the criteria proposed by the Duke Endocarditis Service (ie, C burnetii positive serology being considered a minor criterion) to this cohort of patients but excluding pathological findings. Although the Duke Endocarditis Service criteria confirmed diagnosis in 16 of the patients, 4 were misclassified as "possible" cases (20%). However, when the Q fever serological results (using an 1/800 antiphase I immunoglobulin G cut off) and single blood culture results were changed from minor to major diagnostic criteria, endocarditis was confirmed in them all. A second time, prospectively, we applied the Duke Endocarditis Service criteria to a further 5 patients affected with Q fever endocarditis. Strict application of these criteria resulted in 1 of the 5 being misdiagnosed. Applying the suggested modification for C burnetii results, all 5 were confirmed as having infectious endocarditis. We propose that the modifications discussed in this study be applied to the Duke Endocarditis Service criteria in order that the diagnosis of C burnetii induced endocarditis is improved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Emerg Infect Dis
                EID
                Emerging Infectious Diseases
                Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
                1080-6040
                1080-6059
                January 2012
                : 18
                : 1
                : 95-97
                Affiliations
                [1]Centre Hospitalier-Universitaire de La Timone, Marseille, France
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: Didier Raoult, Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de La Timone, 264 Rue Saint Pierre, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France; email: didier.raoult@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                11-0579
                10.3201/eid1801.110579
                3310100
                22261182
                51dccc4b-6de8-44e1-904d-6bd35c4ec111
                History
                Categories
                Dispatch
                Dispatch

                Infectious disease & Microbiology
                endocarditis,potting mixes,bacteria,respiratory infections,legionella longbeachae

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