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      Attomolar Sensitive Magnetic Microparticles and a Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering-Based Assay for Detecting SARS-CoV-2 Nucleic Acid Targets

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          Abstract

          Highly sensitive, reliable assays with strong multiplexing capability for detecting nucleic acid targets are significantly important for diagnosing various diseases, particularly severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The nanomaterial-based assay platforms suffer from several critical issues such as non-specific binding and highly false-positive results. In this paper, to overcome such limitations, we reported sensitive and remarkably reproducible magnetic microparticles (MMPs) and a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-based assay using stable silver nanoparticle clusters for detecting viral nucleic acids. The MMP–SERS-based assay exhibited a sensitivity of 1.0 fM, which is superior to the MMP-fluorescence-based assay. In addition, in the presence of anisotropic Ag nanostructures (nanostars and triangular nanoplates), the assay exhibited greatly enhanced sensitivity (10 aM) and excellent signal reproducibility. This assay platform intrinsically eliminated the non-specific binding that occurs in the target detection step, and the controlled formation of stable silver nanoparticle clusters in solution enabled the remarkable reproducibility of the results. These findings indicate that this assay can be employed for future practical bioanalytical applications.

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          A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019

          Na Zhu, Dingyu Zhang, Wenling Wang … (2020)
          Summary In December 2019, a cluster of patients with pneumonia of unknown cause was linked to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan, China. A previously unknown betacoronavirus was discovered through the use of unbiased sequencing in samples from patients with pneumonia. Human airway epithelial cells were used to isolate a novel coronavirus, named 2019-nCoV, which formed a clade within the subgenus sarbecovirus, Orthocoronavirinae subfamily. Different from both MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV, 2019-nCoV is the seventh member of the family of coronaviruses that infect humans. Enhanced surveillance and further investigation are ongoing. (Funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China and the National Major Project for Control and Prevention of Infectious Disease in China.)
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            Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia

            Qun Li, Xuhua Guan, Peng Wu … (2020)
            Abstract Background The initial cases of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)–infected pneumonia (NCIP) occurred in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, in December 2019 and January 2020. We analyzed data on the first 425 confirmed cases in Wuhan to determine the epidemiologic characteristics of NCIP. Methods We collected information on demographic characteristics, exposure history, and illness timelines of laboratory-confirmed cases of NCIP that had been reported by January 22, 2020. We described characteristics of the cases and estimated the key epidemiologic time-delay distributions. In the early period of exponential growth, we estimated the epidemic doubling time and the basic reproductive number. Results Among the first 425 patients with confirmed NCIP, the median age was 59 years and 56% were male. The majority of cases (55%) with onset before January 1, 2020, were linked to the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market, as compared with 8.6% of the subsequent cases. The mean incubation period was 5.2 days (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.1 to 7.0), with the 95th percentile of the distribution at 12.5 days. In its early stages, the epidemic doubled in size every 7.4 days. With a mean serial interval of 7.5 days (95% CI, 5.3 to 19), the basic reproductive number was estimated to be 2.2 (95% CI, 1.4 to 3.9). Conclusions On the basis of this information, there is evidence that human-to-human transmission has occurred among close contacts since the middle of December 2019. Considerable efforts to reduce transmission will be required to control outbreaks if similar dynamics apply elsewhere. Measures to prevent or reduce transmission should be implemented in populations at risk. (Funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China and others.)
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              A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China

              Fan Wu, Su Zhao, Bin Yu … (2020)
              Emerging infectious diseases, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Zika virus disease, present a major threat to public health 1–3 . Despite intense research efforts, how, when and where new diseases appear are still a source of considerable uncertainty. A severe respiratory disease was recently reported in Wuhan, Hubei province, China. As of 25 January 2020, at least 1,975 cases had been reported since the first patient was hospitalized on 12 December 2019. Epidemiological investigations have suggested that the outbreak was associated with a seafood market in Wuhan. Here we study a single patient who was a worker at the market and who was admitted to the Central Hospital of Wuhan on 26 December 2019 while experiencing a severe respiratory syndrome that included fever, dizziness and a cough. Metagenomic RNA sequencing 4 of a sample of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from the patient identified a new RNA virus strain from the family Coronaviridae, which is designated here ‘WH-Human 1’ coronavirus (and has also been referred to as ‘2019-nCoV’). Phylogenetic analysis of the complete viral genome (29,903 nucleotides) revealed that the virus was most closely related (89.1% nucleotide similarity) to a group of SARS-like coronaviruses (genus Betacoronavirus, subgenus Sarbecovirus) that had previously been found in bats in China 5 . This outbreak highlights the ongoing ability of viral spill-over from animals to cause severe disease in humans.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): ACS Appl Mater Interfaces
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): ACS Appl Mater Interfaces
                Journal ID (publisher-id): am
                Journal ID (coden): aamick
                Title: ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
                Publisher: American Chemical Society
                ISSN (Print): 1944-8244
                ISSN (Electronic): 1944-8252
                Publication date (Electronic): 16 December 2021
                Electronic Location Identifier: acsami.1c17028
                Affiliations
                [† ]KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University , 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
                [‡ ]Department of Integrative Energy Engineering, College of Engineering, Korea University , 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
                Author notes
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9189-0074
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6755-7477
                Article
                DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c17028
                PMC ID: 8691452
                PubMed ID: 34914369
                SO-VID: 524d039d-d6ba-4ea5-a652-deaecd61c2ab
                Copyright © © 2021 American Chemical Society
                License:

                This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted RESEARCH re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

                History
                Date received : 04 September 2021
                Date accepted : 05 December 2021
                Funding
                Funded by: Korea University, doi 10.13039/501100002642;
                Award ID: NA
                Funded by: National Research Foundation of Korea, doi 10.13039/501100003725;
                Award ID: 2017M3D1A1039421
                Funded by: Korea Institute of Science and Technology, doi 10.13039/501100003693;
                Award ID: NA
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Custom metadata
                document-id-old-9 am1c17028
                document-id-new-14 am1c17028
                ccc-price

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Materials technology
                Keywords: sars-cov-2,nucleic acid target detection,magnetic microparticles,silver nanoparticles,surface-enhanced raman scattering,attomolar sensitivity
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Materials technology
                Keywords: sars-cov-2, nucleic acid target detection, magnetic microparticles, silver nanoparticles, surface-enhanced raman scattering, attomolar sensitivity

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