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      Infants are sensitive to cultural differences in emotions at 11 months

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      PLoS ONE
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          Abstract

          A myriad of emotion perception studies has shown infants’ ability to discriminate different emotional categories, yet there has been little investigation of infants’ perception of cultural differences in emotions. Hence little is known about the extent to which culture-specific emotion information is recognised in the beginning of life. Caucasian Australian infants of 10–12 months participated in a visual-paired comparison task where their preferential looking patterns to three types of infant-directed emotions (anger, happiness, surprise) from two different cultures (Australian, Japanese) were examined. Differences in racial appearances were controlled. Infants exhibited preferential looking to Japanese over Caucasian Australian mothers’ angry and surprised expressions, whereas no difference was observed in trials involving East-Asian Australian mothers. In addition, infants preferred Caucasian Australian mothers’ happy expressions. These findings suggest that 11-month-olds are sensitive to cultural differences in spontaneous infant-directed emotional expressions when they are combined with a difference in racial appearance.

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          G*Power is a free power analysis program for a variety of statistical tests. We present extensions and improvements of the version introduced by Faul, Erdfelder, Lang, and Buchner (2007) in the domain of correlation and regression analyses. In the new version, we have added procedures to analyze the power of tests based on (1) single-sample tetrachoric correlations, (2) comparisons of dependent correlations, (3) bivariate linear regression, (4) multiple linear regression based on the random predictor model, (5) logistic regression, and (6) Poisson regression. We describe these new features and provide a brief introduction to their scope and handling.
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            An argument for basic emotions

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              On the universality and cultural specificity of emotion recognition: a meta-analysis.

              A meta-analysis examined emotion recognition within and across cultures. Emotions were universally recognized at better-than-chance levels. Accuracy was higher when emotions were both expressed and recognized by members of the same national, ethnic, or regional group, suggesting an in-group advantage. This advantage was smaller for cultural groups with greater exposure to one another, measured in terms of living in the same nation, physical proximity, and telephone communication. Majority group members were poorer at judging minority group members than the reverse. Cross-cultural accuracy was lower in studies that used a balanced research design, and higher in studies that used imitation rather than posed or spontaneous emotional expressions. Attributes of study design appeared not to moderate the size of the in-group advantage.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS One
                plos
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                30 September 2021
                2021
                : 16
                : 9
                : e0257655
                Affiliations
                [1 ] School of Psychology, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
                [2 ] MARCS Institute for Brain and Behaviour, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
                [3 ] Center for Multilingualism in Society Across the Lifespan, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
                Bournemouth University, UNITED KINGDOM
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8671-5098
                Article
                PONE-D-19-33128
                10.1371/journal.pone.0257655
                8483341
                34591863
                527bdd5f-b161-4e71-a514-5731d09f63da
                © 2021 Liu et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 29 November 2019
                : 7 September 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 0, Pages: 15
                Funding
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100010663, H2020 European Research Council;
                Award ID: 798658
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001776, University of Western Sydney;
                Award Recipient :
                This project was funded by an Early Career Researcher Grant and Vice Chancellor’s Professional Development Scholarship provided by Western Sydney University, as well as Research Fund and Start-up Grant provided by School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University. During the manuscript writing, the first author has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 798658 hosted by Center for Multilingualism across the Lifespan at the University of Oslo, financed by Research Council of Norway through its Centers of Excellence funding scheme grant agreement No. 223265. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
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                Biology and Life Sciences
                Psychology
                Emotions
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                Emotions
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                Nonverbal Communication
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                Custom metadata
                The result file is available from the Open Science Framework (OSF) at https://osf.io/8tvwc/. Dataset title: Affect_01 Identifier: DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/3PMBJ.

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