Captive wildlife management survey in Vietnam, 2015–2021

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Abstract

In Vietnam, breeding and raising a wide range of wildlife species in captive wildlife facilities (CWFs) are common practices but little information on the captive wildlife population is available. We conducted surveys and developed software to create a captive wildlife facilities management (CWFM) system. This database provides up-to-date information on the distribution of CWFs, the number of species, and individuals according to the level of protection outlined by the government and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) categories. CWFs were located in all provinces and regions, but differed in distribution, number of species and individual animals. The Mekong River Delta region recorded the highest number of CWFs (35.3%) and the highest number of animals (43.1%). In 2021, 95 species belong to the highest level of protection group were being raised at 1824 CWFs; 137 species in 4554 CWFs in CITES appendix II, appendix III, government list IIB; and 139 species in 1499 CWFs belong to the common wildlife. The overall number of CWFs in 50 provinces decreased by a negative compound annual growth rate of −7.2%. However, it is crucial to continue to monitor the changing dynamics to assess the risks of disease transmission from zoonoses originating from wildlife. We recommend periodic compulsory reporting of CWF activities using the CWFM system.

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Coronavirus testing indicates transmission risk increases along wildlife supply chains for human consumption in Viet Nam, 2013-2014

Nguyen Huong, Nguyen Nga, Nguyen Van Long … (2020)

Outbreaks of emerging coronaviruses in the past two decades and the current pandemic of a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) that emerged in China highlight the importance of this viral family as a zoonotic public health threat. To gain a better understanding of coronavirus presence and diversity in wildlife at wildlife-human interfaces in three southern provinces in Viet Nam 2013–2014, we used consensus Polymerase Chain Reactions to detect coronavirus sequences. In comparison to previous studies, we observed high proportions of positive samples among field rats (34.0%, 239/702) destined for human consumption and insectivorous bats in guano farms (74.8%, 234/313) adjacent to human dwellings. Most notably among field rats, the odds of coronavirus RNA detection significantly increased along the supply chain from field rats sold by traders (reference group; 20.7% positivity, 39/188) by a factor of 2.2 for field rats sold in large markets (32.0%, 116/363) and 10.0 for field rats sold and served in restaurants (55.6%, 84/151). Coronaviruses were also detected in rodents on the majority of wildlife farms sampled (60.7%, 17/28). These coronaviruses were found in the Malayan porcupines (6.0%, 20/331) and bamboo rats (6.3%, 6/96) that are raised on wildlife farms for human consumption as food. We identified six known coronaviruses in bats and rodents, clustered in three Coronaviridae genera, including the Alpha-, Beta-, and Gammacoronaviruses. Our analysis also suggested either mixing of animal excreta in the environment or interspecies transmission of coronaviruses, as both bat and avian coronaviruses were detected in rodent feces on wildlife farms. The mixing of multiple coronaviruses, and their apparent amplification along the wildlife supply chain into restaurants, suggests maximal risk for end consumers and likely underpins the mechanisms of zoonotic spillover to people.

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Host Diversity and Origin of Zoonoses: The Ancient and the New

Judith Recht, Verena J. Schuenemann, Marcelo R. Sánchez-Villagra (2020)

Simple Summary There is a wide variety of diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, and parasites that are transmitted to humans by different routes from other animals. These diseases, known as zoonoses, represent 75% of new or reemerging infectious diseases. There is a considerable impact of these diseases on the economy and health at local and global levels, including zoonotic diseases caused by the ingestion of food and products derived from animals. The wide range of animal species that host these disease-causing organisms include all groups of mammals. Birds are the second significant animal group to act as hosts for zoonoses. Much progress has been made in understanding disease evolution and animal origin, with important contributions from fields such as paleopathology and analysis of DNA, applied to ancient human bone remains. The study of ancient diseases such as brucellosis and tuberculosis benefits from these approaches. More research is needed as new diseases emerge causing pandemics and some previously eradicated reemerge in some regions. Global efforts are focused, based on evidence generated by research, on the prevention of new pandemics. Abstract Bacterial, viral, and parasitic zoonotic diseases are transmitted to humans from a wide variety of animal species that act as reservoir hosts for the causative organisms. Zoonoses contribute an estimated 75% of new or reemerging infectious diseases in humans. All groups of mammals have been shown to act as hosts for transmission of different organisms that cause zoonoses, followed in importance by birds; with both wild and domestic species identified as hosts in specific cases. There has been considerable research progress leading to a better understanding of the host range, animal origin, evolution, and transmission of important zoonoses, including those caused by the ingestion of food and products derived from animals. Paleopathology studies of ancient human bone lesions, in combination with ancient DNA analysis of the causative pathogen, have contributed to our understanding of the origin of zoonotic diseases, including brucellosis and mycobacterial zoonoses. However, there are still knowledge gaps and new confirmed and potential hosts are reported locally with some frequency. Both the economic cost and burden of disease of zoonoses are substantial at local and global levels, as reflected by recent coronavirus pandemics that spread rapidly around the world. Evidence-based prevention strategies are currently a global priority increasingly recognized, especially in zoonoses-affected regions.

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Bat-Related Zoonoses

Bruno Chomel, Matthew J. Stuckey, Henri-Jean Boulouis … (2014)

The many emerging infectious diseases associated with Chiropteran species can have major impacts on both ecosystem and public health. As such, the scope of this chapter is to provide an overview of those potential bat-related zoonoses and their clinical relevance to people. With increased disease surveillance and a trend toward more human contact with bat populations, it is likely that additional zoonotic diseases will continue to be identified. Bat infection dynamics are driven by a complex interplay of ecological, immunological, behavioral, and anthropogenic factors. Interdisciplinary work will be needed in the future to better understand the drivers of disease emergence in bat populations and ultimately mitigate the threats that face both people and bats themselves.

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Nhu Van Thu

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): One Health

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): One Health

Title: One Health

Publisher: Elsevier

ISSN (Electronic): 2352-7714

Publication date PMC-release: 17 April 2023

Publication date Collection: June 2023

Publication date (Electronic): 17 April 2023

Volume: 16

Electronic Location Identifier: 100543

Affiliations

[a ]Emergency Center for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Country Office for Vietnam, Hanoi, Viet Nam

[b ]Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand

Author notes

[* ]Corresponding author at: R402- B3 Van Phuc diplomatic compound -298 Kim Ma- Ba Dinh , Hanoi , Viet Nam. vanthu.nhu@ 123456fao.org

Article

Publisher Item ID: S2352-7714(23)00063-0 Publisher ID: 100543

DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100543

PMC ID: 10288083

SO-VID: 527d6c90-a4ad-40f6-b3c8-4684489c4776

License:

This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

History

Date received : 10 January 2023

Date revision received : 13 April 2023

Date accepted : 16 April 2023

Captive wildlife management survey in Vietnam, 2015–2021

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SDG 15: Life on Land

Most cited references 3

Coronavirus testing indicates transmission risk increases along wildlife supply chains for human consumption in Viet Nam, 2013-2014

Host Diversity and Origin of Zoonoses: The Ancient and the New

Bat-Related Zoonoses

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