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      Eco-Epidemiología de flebovirus (Bunyaviridae, Phlebovirus) transmitidos por flebótomos (Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) Translated title: Eco-epidemiology of Phlebovirus (Bunyaviri dae, Phlebovirus) transmitted by Phlebotomus (Phychodidae, Phlebotominae)

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          Abstract

          En la actualidad la emergencia y re-emergencia de nuevos arbovirus es de gran importancia en salud pública. El género Phlebovirus (Bunyaviridae) es parte importante de este grupo de virus constituido en la actualidad por 68 serotipos. La infección causada por Phlebovirus origina una clínica comúnmente compuesta por fiebre, dolor de cabeza y malestar general; rara vez se presentan meningitis o meningoencefalitis, conocida por sus síntomas como la “fiebre del flebótomo”. Estos virus son transmitidos principalmente por dípteros de los géneros Phlebotomus y Lutzomyia de la familia Psychodidae. La dinámica poblacional de los flebovirus indica que su presencia está íntimamente asociada con los sitios donde se encuentra el vector, distribuido en zonas de Asia, África y Europa entre 20° y 45° de latitud, así como en las Américas asociado principalmente a zonas boscosas. Las hembras de estos géneros son hematófagas y capaces de transmitir el virus transovarialmente, por tanto el ciclo del mismo no se encuentra limitado a la transmisión hospedador-reservoriovector, aunado a esto, las larvas de cuarto instar en diapausa mantienen su capacidad infectiva. Actualmente, el diagnóstico se puede realizar por diversas técnicas serológicas y moleculares para algunos virus del grupo, pero dado que éstas no se realizan con frecuencia, los casos suelen pasar desapercibidos.

          Translated abstract

          Currently, the emergence and re-emergence of new arboviruses are of great importance in public health, the Phlebovirus genus (Bunyaviridae) is an important part of this group of viruses constituted at present of 68 serotypes. The infection caused by Phlebovirus creates clinically common symptoms of fever, headache, and rarely presents meningitis or meningoencephalitis, known for its symptoms as “Phlebotomus fever.” These viruses are transmitted mainly by Diptera, Psychodidae belonging to Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia genera. The population dynamics of Phlebovirus indicates that its presence is closely associated with the sites where the vector is distributed in parts of Asia, Africa and Europe between 20° and 5° latitude, as well as in the Americas associated mainly in the woodlands. The females of this genus are hematophages and capable of transmitting the virus in a transovaric way. The cycle is not limited to the transmission-reservoir hostvector, and coupled with this, the fourth-instar larvae in diapause retain their infectivity. The diagnosis may be made by a variety of molecular and serological techniques for some viruses of this group, but since they are not performed often, many cases are often overlooked.

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          Most cited references78

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          Inadequate management of natural ecosystem in the Brazilian Amazon region results in the emergence and reemergence of arboviruses

          A total of 187 different species of arboviruses and other viruses in vertebrates were identified at the Evandro Chagas Institute (IEC) from 1954 to 1998, among more than 10,000 arbovirus strains isolated from humans, hematophagous insects, and wild and sentinel vertebrates. Despite intensive studies in the Brazilian Amazon region, especially in Pará State, very little is known about most of these viruses, except for information on date, time, source, and method of isolation, as well as their capacity to infect laboratory animals. This paper reviews ecological and epidemiological data and analyzes the impact of vector and host population changes on various viruses as a result of profound changes in the natural environment. Deforestation, mining, dam and highway construction, human colonization, and urbanization were the main manmade environmental changes associated with the emergence and/or reemergence of relevant arboviruses, including some known pathogens for humans.
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            The genus Phlebovirus and its vectors.

            R. Tesh (1987)
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              Vector control in leishmaniasis.

              Indoor residual spraying is a simple and cost effective method of controlling endophilic vectors and DDT remains the insecticide of choice for the control of leishmaniasis. However resistance to insecticide is likely to become more widespread in the population especially in those areas in which insecticide has been used for years. In this context use of slow release emulsified suspension (SRES) may be the best substitute. In this review spraying frequencies of DDT and new schedule of spray have been discussed. Role of biological control and environment management in the control of leishmaniasis has been emphasized. Allethrin (coil) 0.1 and 1.6 per cent prallethrin (liquid) have been found to be effective repellents against Phlebotomus argentipes, the vector of Indian kalaazar. Insecticide impregnated bednets is another area which requires further research on priority basis for the control of leishmaniasis. Role of satellite remote sensing for early prediction of disease by identifying the sandflygenic conditions cannot be undermined. In future synthetic pheromons can be exploited in the control of leishmaniasis.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                bmsa
                Boletín de Malariología y Salud Ambiental
                Bol Mal Salud Amb
                Instituto de Altos Estudios en Salud Pública Dr. Arnoldo Gabaldon (Maracay )
                1690-4648
                June 2008
                : 48
                : 1
                : 3-16
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidad Simón Bolívar Venezuela
                Article
                S1690-46482008000100001
                5387fd3a-c0de-453b-a7e8-e60b30092cec

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Venezuela

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.org.ve/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1690-4648&lng=en
                Categories
                INFECTIOUS DISEASES
                PARASITOLOGY

                Parasitology,Infectious disease & Microbiology
                arbovirus,Phlebovirus,Phlebotomus,Lutzomyia,Bunyaviridae,sandfly fever,Arbovirus,flebótomos,fiebre del flebótomo

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