Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Ukrainian  Iris  Species: A Fresh Look on Their Antioxidant Content and Biological Activities

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Abstract

The major groups of antioxidant compounds (isoflavonoids, xanthones, hydroxycinnamic acids) in the rhizome methanol extracts of four Ukrainian Iris sp. ( Iris pallida, Iris hungarica, Iris sibirica, and Iris variegata) were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed using HPLC-DAD and UPLC-MS/MS. Gallic acid, caffeic acid, mangiferin, tectoridin, irigenin, iristectorigenin B, irisolidone, 5,6-dihydroxy-7,8,3′,5′-tetramethoxyisoflavone, irisolidone-7- O- β- d-glucopyranoside, germanaism B, and nigricin were recognized by comparing their UV/MS spectra, chromatographic retention time (tR) with those of standard reference compounds. I. hungarica and I. variegata showed the highest total amount of phenolic compounds. Germanaism B was the most abundant component in the rhizomes of I. variegata (7.089 ± 0.032 mg/g) and I. hungarica (6.285 ± 0.030 mg/g). The compound analyses showed good calibration curve linearity (r ² > 0.999) and low detection and quantifications limit. These results validated the method for its use in the simultaneous quantitative evaluation of phenolic compounds in the studied Iris sp. I. hungarica and I. variegata rhizomes exhibited antioxidant activity, as demonstrated by the HPLC-ABTS system and NRF2 expression assay and anti-inflammatory activity on respiratory burst in human neutrophils. Moreover, the extracts showed anti-allergic and cytotoxic effects against cancer cells. Anti-coronavirus 229E and lipid formation activities were also evaluated. In summary, potent antioxidant marker compounds were identified in the examined Iris sp.

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Coronaviruses — drug discovery and therapeutic options

Alimuddin Zumla, Jasper F W Chan, Esam Azhar … (2016)

Key Points Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) are examples of emerging zoonotic coronavirus infections capable of person-to-person transmission that result in large-scale epidemics with substantial effects on patient health and socioeconomic factors. Unlike patients with mild illnesses that are caused by other human-pathogenic coronaviruses, patients with SARS or MERS coronavirus infections may develop severe acute respiratory disease with multi-organ failure. The case–fatality rates of SARS and MERS are approximately 10% and 35%, respectively. Both SARS and MERS pose major clinical management challenges because there is no specific antiviral treatment that has been proven to be effective in randomized clinical trials for either infection. Substantial efforts are underway to discover new therapeutic agents for coronavirus infections. Virus-based therapies include monoclonal antibodies and antiviral peptides that target the viral spike glycoprotein, viral enzyme inhibitors, viral nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors and inhibitors of other viral structural and accessory proteins. Host-based therapies include agents that potentiate the interferon response or affect either host signalling pathways involved in viral replication or host factors utilized by coronaviruses for viral replication. The major challenges in the clinical development of novel anti-coronavirus drugs include the limited number of suitable animal models for the evaluation of potential treatments for SARS and MERS, the current absence of new SARS cases, the limited number of MERS cases — which are also predominantly geographically confined to the Middle East — as well as the lack of industrial incentives to develop antivirals for mild infections caused by other, less pathogenic coronaviruses. The continuing threat of MERS-CoV to global health 3 years after its discovery presents a golden opportunity to tackle current obstacles in the development of new anti-coronavirus drugs. A well-organized, multidisciplinary, international collaborative network consisting of clinicians, virologists and drug developers, coupled to political commitment, should be formed to carry out clinical trials using anti-coronavirus drugs that have already been shown to be safe and effective in vitro and/or in animal models, particularly lopinavir–ritonavir, interferon beta-1b and monoclonal antibodies and antiviral peptides targeting the viral spike glycoprotein. Supplementary information The online version of this article (doi:10.1038/nrd.2015.37) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Determination of flavone, flavonol, and flavanone aglycones by negative ion liquid chromatography electrospray ion trap mass spectrometry.

Nicolas Fabre, Isabelle Rustan, Edmond Hoffmann … (2001)

Eleven naturally occurring flavonoid aglycones, belonging to the representative flavone, flavonol, and flavanone types were separated by high performance liquid chromatography and analyzed on-line with negative ion electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS). In order to resolve the MS/MS spectra obtained, each compound was reinvestigated by direct loop injections using an ion trap mass spectrometer. The MSn spectra obtained allowed us to propose plausible schemes for their fragmentation supported by the analysis of five complementary synthetic flavonoid aglycones. The negative ion ESI-MS/MS behavior of the different aglycones investigated in this study revealed interesting differences when compared with the previously described patterns obtained using various ionization techniques in positive ion. Thus, concerning the retro Diels-Alder (RDA) fragmentation pathways, several structurally informative anions appeared highly specific of the negative ion mode. In addition, a new lactone-type structure, instead of a ketene, was proposed for a classic RDA diagnostic ion. We also observed unusual CO, CO2, and C3O2 losses which appear to be characteristic of the negative ion mode. All these results and these unusual neutral losses show that the negative ion mode was a powerful complementary tool of the positive ion mode for the structural characterization of flavonoid aglycones by ESI-MS/MS.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Michal Tomczyk: Role: Academic Editor

Francesco Cacciola: Role: Academic Editor

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Molecules

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Molecules

Journal ID (publisher-id): molecules

Title: Molecules

Publisher: MDPI

ISSN (Electronic): 1420-3049

Publication date (Electronic): 08 October 2020

Publication date Collection: October 2020

Volume: 25

Issue: 19

Electronic Location Identifier: 4588

Affiliations

[1 ]Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National University of Pharmacy, 4-Valentinivska st., 61168 Kharkiv, Ukraine; mykhailenko.farm@ 123456gmail.com (O.M.); vania.bezruk@ 123456gmail.com (I.B.); artem.migal@ 123456gmail.com (A.M.)

[2 ]Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; mickorinek@ 123456hotmail.com (M.K.); bhchen@ 123456kmu.edu.tw (B.-H.C.)

[3 ]Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan

[4 ]Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, and Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan

[5 ]Department of Analytical and Toxicological Chemistry, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, A. Mickevičiaus g. 9, LT 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania; liudas.ivanauskas@ 123456lsmuni.lt

[6 ]Laboratory of Drug Targets Histopathology, Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukilėlių pr. 13, LT-50162 Kaunas, Lithuania; vilma.petrikaite@ 123456lsmuni.lt

[7 ]Institute of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Mickeviciaus g. 9, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania

[8 ]Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Centre, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio al. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania

[9 ]Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, the German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt; mohamed.elshazly@ 123456pharma.asu.edu.eg

[10 ]Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, African Union Organization Street, Abbassia, Cairo 11566, Egypt

[11 ]Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; cherrylin20170723@ 123456gmail.com (G.-H.L.); joyce950509@ 123456gmail.com (C.-Y.L.)

[12 ]Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; chyen@ 123456kmu.edu.tw

[13 ]Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan

[14 ]The Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan

[15 ]Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan

[16 ]Chinese Herbal Medicine Research Team, Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan

Author notes

[* ]Correspondence: vgeor@ 123456nuph.edu.ua (V.G.); htl@ 123456mail.cgu.edu.tw (T.-L.H.); Tel.: +380572-67-91-97 (V.G.); +886-3-2118800 (ext. 5523) (T.-L.H.)

[†]

These authors contributed equally to this work.

Author information

Olha Mykhailenko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3822-8409

Michal Korinek https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8988-8610

Ivan Bezruk https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1212-1649

Vilma Petrikaitė https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4106-5535

Chia-Hung Yen https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6939-5528

Victoriya Georgiyants https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8794-8010

Tsong-Long Hwang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5780-3977

Article

Publisher ID: molecules-25-04588

DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194588

PMC ID: 7582944

PubMed ID: 33050063

SO-VID: 53f2bf80-69a9-4215-9f18-3d108620b6b7

License:

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Ukrainian Iris Species: A Fresh Look on Their Antioxidant Content and Biological Activities

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Most cited references 85

Coronaviruses — drug discovery and therapeutic options

Isolation of mononuclear cells and granulocytes from human blood. Isolation of monuclear cells by one centrifugation, and of granulocytes by combining centrifugation and sedimentation at 1 g.

Determination of flavone, flavonol, and flavanone aglycones by negative ion liquid chromatography electrospray ion trap mass spectrometry.

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