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      Counteracting Poisoning with Chemical Warfare Nerve Agents Translated title: Detoksikacija živčanih bojnih otrova

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          Abstract

          Phosphylation of the pivotal enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) by nerve agents (NAs) leads to irreversible inhibition of the enzyme and accumulation of neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which induces cholinergic crisis, that is, overstimulation of muscarinic and nicotinic membrane receptors in the central and peripheral nervous system. In severe cases, subsequent desensitisation of the receptors results in hypoxia, vasodepression, and respiratory arrest, followed by death. Prompt action is therefore critical to improve the chances of victim’s survival and recovery. Standard therapy of NA poisoning generally involves administration of anticholinergic atropine and an oxime reactivator of phosphylated AChE. Anticholinesterase compounds or NA bioscavengers can also be applied to preserve native AChE from inhibition. With this review of 70 years of research we aim to present current and potential approaches to counteracting NA poisoning.

          Abstract

          Fosfilacijom esencijalnog enzima acetilkolinesteraze (AChE) živčanim bojnim otrovom, enzim postaje ireverzibilno inhibiran, što dovodi do nakupljanja neurotransmitera acetilkolina i kolinergičke krize zbog prekomjerne stimulacije muskarinskih i nikotinskih membranskih receptora u središnjem i perifernom živčanom sustavu. U teškim slučajevima desenzibilizacija receptora rezultira hipoksijom, nesvjesticom i zastojem disanja, nakon čega slijedi smrt. Stoga je brzo djelovanje presudno za preživljavanje osobe izložene živčanom bojnom otrovu. Standardna terapija u slučaju otrovanja uključuje antikolinergik atropin i oksimski reaktivator fosfilirane AChE. Kako bi se očuvala aktivnost nativne AChE u slučaju izloženosti živčanom bojnom otrovu, istražuju se i drugačiji pristupi terapiji, kao što su spojevi koji kratkotrajno i reverzibilno inhibiraju AChE te egzogeni enzimi koji djeluju kao biološka čistila živčanih bojnih otrova. U ovom preglednom radu cilj nam je predstaviti trenutačne i potencijalne pristupe u terapiji i detoksikaciji živčanih bojnih otrova.

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          Most cited references226

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          Management of acute organophosphorus pesticide poisoning

          Summary Organophosphorus pesticide self-poisoning is an important clinical problem in rural regions of the developing world, and kills an estimated 200 000 people every year. Unintentional poisoning kills far fewer people but is a problem in places where highly toxic organophosphorus pesticides are available. Medical management is difficult, with case fatality generally more than 15%. We describe the limited evidence that can guide therapy and the factors that should be considered when designing further clinical studies. 50 years after first use, we still do not know how the core treatments—atropine, oximes, and diazepam—should best be given. Important constraints in the collection of useful data have included the late recognition of great variability in activity and action of the individual pesticides, and the care needed cholinesterase assays for results to be comparable between studies. However, consensus suggests that early resuscitation with atropine, oxygen, respiratory support, and fluids is needed to improve oxygen delivery to tissues. The role of oximes is not completely clear; they might benefit only patients poisoned by specific pesticides or patients with moderate poisoning. Small studies suggest benefit from new treatments such as magnesium sulphate, but much larger trials are needed. Gastric lavage could have a role but should only be undertaken once the patient is stable. Randomised controlled trials are underway in rural Asia to assess the effectiveness of these therapies. However, some organophosphorus pesticides might prove very difficult to treat with current therapies, such that bans on particular pesticides could be the only method to substantially reduce the case fatality after poisoning. Improved medical management of organophosphorus poisoning should result in a reduction in worldwide deaths from suicide.
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            Cytokine networks in neuroinflammation

            Cytokines provide cells with the ability to communicate with one another and orchestrate complex multicellular behaviour. There is an emerging understanding of the role that cytokines play in normal homeostatic tissue function and how dysregulation of these cytokine networks is associated with pathological conditions. The
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              Crystal structure of human butyrylcholinesterase and of its complexes with substrate and products.

              Cholinesterases are among the most efficient enzymes known. They are divided into two groups: acetylcholinesterase, involved in the hydrolysis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, and butyrylcholinesterase of unknown function. Several crystal structures of the former have shown that the active site is located at the bottom of a deep and narrow gorge, raising the question of how substrate and products enter and leave. Human butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) has attracted attention because it can hydrolyze toxic esters such as cocaine or scavenge organophosphorus pesticides and nerve agents. Here we report the crystal structures of several recombinant truncated human BChE complexes and conjugates and provide a description for mechanistically relevant non-productive substrate and product binding. As expected, the structure of BChE is similar to a previously published theoretical model of this enzyme and to the structure of Torpedo acetylcholinesterase. The main difference between the experimentally determined BChE structure and its model is found at the acyl binding pocket that is significantly bigger than expected. An electron density peak close to the catalytic Ser(198) has been modeled as bound butyrate.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Arh Hig Rada Toksikol
                Arh Hig Rada Toksikol
                aiht
                aiht
                Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology
                Sciendo
                0004-1254
                1848-6312
                December 2020
                31 December 2020
                : 71
                : 4
                : 266-284
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health , Zagreb, Croatia
                Author notes
                [* ] Nikolina Maček Hrvat, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia nmacek@ 123456imi.hr
                Article
                aiht-2020-71-3459
                10.2478/aiht-2020-71-3459
                7968514
                33410774
                55353602-24cf-40e3-a3f7-180d6502d37e
                © 2020 Nikolina Maček Hrvat, Zrinka Kovarik, published by Sciendo

                This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 01 July 2020
                : 01 July 2020
                : 01 November 2020
                Page count
                Pages: 19
                Categories
                Review

                bioscavenger,cholinesterases,cyclosarin,novichoks,organophosphate,sarin,tabun,vx,biološka čistila,ciklosarin,kolinesteraze,novichok,organofosfati

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