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      Finding the gap: An empirical study of the most effective shots in elite goalball

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          Abstract

          This research identifies which shots types in goalball are most likely to lead to a goal and herby provides background information for improving training and competition. Therefore, we observed 117 elite level matches including 20,541 shots played in the regular situation (3 vs. 3) using notational analysis. We characterized the shots by using their target sector (A-E), technique (traditional, rotation), trajectory (flat, bounce), angle (straight, diagonal and outcome (goal, violation, out, blocked). In our data, a χ 2-test showed a significantly higher goal rate for men (3.9%) compared to women (3.0%). For men, we found a significantly higher goal rate in the intersection sectors between players C (5.6%), D (4.9%), and in the outer sector A. In sector A, goal rate was higher only for straight shots (6.6%). Technique and trajectory did not affect goal rate for men, but flat shots showed a higher violation rate (3.2%) compared to bounce shouts (2.0%). In women's goalball, goal rate was higher only on sector D (4.4%). Bounce-rotation shots were the most successful (5.5%). We conclude that men should focus on shots to sectors C and D (called pocket) and straight shots to sector A, as long as there are no other tactical considerations. Women should shoot primarily towards the pocket. It might also be worth playing more bounce-rotation shots and practicing them in training.

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          Most cited references18

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          Physical fitness of visually impaired adolescent goalball players.

          This study compared the physical fitness of 28 visually impaired goalball players (M=13 yr.) and a group of 27 less active age-matched adolescents. Physical characteristics (age, height, weight, sex) and visual acuity of the children were recorded. Body composition (Body Mass Index, skinfold thickness of triceps plus calf), musculoskeletal function (trunk-lift, curl-up, isometric push-up, shoulder-stretch tests) and aerobic function (1-mile run/walk test) were evaluated according to the Brockport Physical Fitness Test Battery. Also, anaerobic power was assessed by a vertical jump test. Physical fitness of visually impaired goalball players was higher than that of the more sedentary group (p .05). It was considered that directing visually impaired children to participation sports or recreational activities such as goalball has importance in improving their physical fitness.
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            Game Performance Evaluation in Male Goalball Players

            Goalball is a Paralympic sport exclusively for athletes who are visually impaired and blind. The aims of this study were twofold: to describe game performance of elite male goalball players based upon the degree of visual impairment, and to determine if game performance was related to anthropometric characteristics of elite male goalball players. The study sample consisted of 44 male goalball athletes. A total of 38 games were recorded during the Summer Paralympic Games in London 2012. Observations were reported using the Game Efficiency Sheet for Goalball. Additional anthropometric measurements included body mass (kg), body height (cm), the arm span (cm) and length of the body in the defensive position (cm). The results differentiating both groups showed that the players with total blindness obtained higher means than the players with visual impairment for game indicators such as the sum of defense (p = 0.03) and the sum of good defense (p = 0.04). The players with visual impairment obtained higher results than those with total blindness for attack efficiency (p = 0.04), the sum of penalty defenses (p = 0.01), and fouls (p = 0.01). The study showed that athletes with blindness demonstrated higher game performance in defence. However, athletes with visual impairment presented higher efficiency in offensive actions. The analyses confirmed that body mass, body height, the arm span and length of the body in the defensive position did not differentiate players’ performance at the elite level.
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              Mental Imagery in Athletes with Visual Impairments

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SoftwareRole: ValidationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                26 April 2018
                2018
                : 13
                : 4
                : e0196679
                Affiliations
                [001]Department of Exercise Science and Sport Informatics, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
                Bern University of Applied Science, SWITZERLAND
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3606-2986
                Article
                PONE-D-17-41402
                10.1371/journal.pone.0196679
                5919681
                29698479
                556947db-cff4-44e8-97fb-c0fb651c3a0b
                © 2018 Link, Weber

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 24 November 2017
                : 17 April 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 3, Pages: 11
                Funding
                Funded by: German Federal Institute of Sport Science
                Award ID: A1-070405/12-13, A1-070406/14, I1-071615/15, I1-081616/16
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft;
                Award Recipient :
                The study was supported by the German Federal Institute of Sport Science (BISp, www.bisp.de). Grant numbers: A1-070405/12-13, A1-070406/14, I1-071615/15, I1-081616/16. The publication of the study was supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG, www.dfg.de) and the Technical University of Munich (TUM, www.tum.de) in the framework of the Open Access Publishing Program. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Both authors were funded.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Ophthalmology
                Visual Impairments
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Behavior
                Recreation
                Games
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Imaging Techniques
                Video Recording
                Physical Sciences
                Mathematics
                Statistics (Mathematics)
                Statistical Data
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Behavior
                Recreation
                Sports
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Sports Science
                Sports
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Ophthalmology
                Visual Impairments
                Blindness
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Public and Occupational Health
                Physical Activity
                Physical Fitness
                People and Places
                Population Groupings
                Age Groups
                Children
                Adolescents
                People and Places
                Population Groupings
                Families
                Children
                Adolescents
                Custom metadata
                All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.

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