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      Terapia vestibular en vestibulopatía bilateral por gentamicina: Reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura Translated title: Vestibular therapy in a case of gentamicin-induced vestibulopathy: Case report and literature revision

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN La vestibulopatía bilateral es poco frecuente, se caracteriza principalmente por inestabilidad al caminar o al estar de pie, visión borrosa inducida por el movimiento u oscilopsia al caminar o al realizar movimientos rápidos de la cabeza o del cuerpo, empeoramiento de la estabilidad en la oscuridad o terrenos irregulares, reducción de los síntomas al estar en condiciones estáticas, ganancia del reflejo vestíbulo-ocular angular reducida de forma bilateral, entre otros. Existen múltiples causas. Dentro de las causas identificables, se describen principalmente medicamentos ototóxicos, meningitis y enfermedad de Ménière. Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 64 años diagnosticada con vestibulopatía bilateral posterior a tratamiento intramuscular con gentamicina por sobreinfección bacteriana cutánea de las manos. La evaluación vestibular complementada con videonistagmografía y prueba de impulso cefálico asistida por video confirman el diagnóstico y se inicia tratamiento con rehabilitación vestibular enfocada en promover la compensación central a través de estrategias de sustitución principalmente; además de habituación y adaptación vestibular, favoreciendo la estabilización de la mirada, mantención del equilibrio, control postural, marcha y reducción de los síntomas.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT Bilateral vestibulopathy is infrequent, and it is characterized mostly by unstable walking or when standing, blurred vision induced by movement, or oscillopsia when walking or performing fast movements; worsening of the stability in darkness or uneven ground, but with lack of symptoms in static conditions. Other symptoms may include bilateral reduction of the oculo-vestibular reflex. Among the identifiable causes, there is the use of ototoxic medication, meningitis, Ménière's disease, although it can be idiopathic or have a neurological cause. We hereby describe the case of a 64-year-old woman, diagnosed with bilateral vestibulopathy secondary to intramuscular treatment with gentamicin due to a bacterial hand infection. Vestibular assessment was complemented with video-nystagmography and video head impulse test which confirmed the diagnosis, and therapy was started with vestibular rehabilitation focused on promoting central compensation mainly, through substitution strategies. Also, habituation exercise and vestibular adaptation strategies were used, thus promoting sight stabilization, balance maintenance, postural control, walking, and reduction of the symptoms.

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          Most cited references20

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          Prevalence and impact of bilateral vestibular hypofunction: results from the 2008 US National Health Interview Survey.

          Profound bilateral vestibular hypofunction (BVH) causes disabling oscillopsia, chronic disequilibrium, and postural instability, but little is known about its epidemiology and impact. To assess prevalence and functional impact of BVH in the US adult population. National cross-sectional survey using a national database and corollary validation study. Adult respondents to the 2008 Balance and Dizziness Supplement to the US National Health Interview Survey (N = 21 782). Prevalence of BVH, socioeconomic and quality-of-life impact of BVH, and fall risk. Criteria for the survey-based diagnosis of BVH included all of the following: presence of visual blurring with head movement; unsteadiness; difficulty walking in darkness or unsteady surfaces and in a straight path; and symptoms being at least "a big problem" and present for at least 1 year, in the absence of other neurologic conditions or eye pathologic conditions affecting vision. Adjusted national estimates from this survey indicate the prevalence of BVH in 2008 was 28 per 100 000 US adults (64 046 Americans). Of the participants with BVH, 44% reported changing their driving habits because of their symptoms, 56% reported reduced participation in social activities, and 58% reported difficulties with activities of daily living. Respondents with BVH had a 31-fold increase in the odds of falling in multivariate analyses compared with all respondents, with 25% reporting a recent fall-related injury. As estimated by the presence of specific symptoms in a nationally representative survey, BVH has considerable socioeconomic and quality-of-life impacts and significantly increases fall risk. These data support the need for new therapeutic strategies for BVH, including vestibular rehabilitation and implantable vestibular prostheses.
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            Bilateral Vestibular Hypofunction: Insights in Etiologies, Clinical Subtypes, and Diagnostics

            Objective To evaluate the different etiologies and clinical subtypes of bilateral vestibular hypofunction (BVH) and the value of diagnostic tools in the diagnostic process of BVH. Materials and methods A retrospective case review was performed on 154 patients diagnosed with BVH in a tertiary referral center, between 2013 and 2015. Inclusion criteria comprised (1) imbalance and/or oscillopsia during locomotion and (2) summated slow phase velocity of nystagmus of less than 20°/s during bithermal caloric tests. Results The definite etiology of BVH was determined in 47% of the cases and the probable etiology in 22%. In 31%, the etiology of BVH remained idiopathic. BVH resulted from more than 20 different etiologies. In the idiopathic group, the percentage of migraine was significantly higher compared to the non-idiopathic group (50 versus 11%, p < 0.001). Among all patients, 23.4% were known with autoimmune disorders in their medical history. All four clinical subtypes (recurrent vertigo with BVH, rapidly progressive BVH, slowly progressive BVH, and slowly progressive BVH with ataxia) were found in this population. Slowly progressive BVH with ataxia comprised only 4.5% of the cases. The head impulse test was abnormal in 94% of the cases. The torsion swing test was abnormal in 66%. Bilateral normal hearing to moderate hearing loss was found in 49%. Blood tests did not often contribute to the determination of the etiology of the disease. Abnormal cerebral imaging was found in 21 patients. Conclusion BVH is a heterogeneous condition with various etiologies and clinical characteristics. Migraine seems to play a significant role in idiopathic BVH and autoimmunity could be a modulating factor in the development of BVH. The distribution of etiologies of BVH probably depends on the clinical setting. In the diagnostic process of BVH, the routine use of some blood tests can be reconsidered and a low-threshold use of audiometry and cerebral imaging is advised. The torsion swing test is not the “gold standard” for diagnosing BVH due to its lack of sensitivity. Future diagnostic criteria of BVH should consist of standardized vestibular tests combined with a history that is congruent with the vestibular findings.
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              Recovery of dynamic visual acuity in bilateral vestibular hypofunction.

              To determine the effect of vestibular exercises on the recovery of visual acuity during head movement in patients with bilateral vestibular hypofunction (BVH). Prospective, randomized, double-blinded study. Outpatient clinic, academic setting. Thirteen patients with BVH, aged 47 to 73 years. One group (8 patients) performed vestibular exercises designed to enhance remaining vestibular function, and the other (5 patients) performed placebo exercises. Measurements of dynamic visual acuity (DVA) during predictable head movements using a computerized test; measurement of intensity of oscillopsia using a visual analog scale. As a group, patients who performed vestibular exercises showed a significant improvement in DVA (P = .001), whereas those performing placebo exercises did not (P = .07). Only type of exercise (ie, vestibular vs placebo) was significantly correlated with change in DVA. Other factors examined, including age, time from onset, initial DVA, and complaints of oscillopsia and disequilibrium, were not significantly correlated with change in DVA. Change in oscillopsia did not correlate with change in DVA. Use of vestibular exercises is the main factor involved in recovery of DVA in patients with BVH. We theorize that exercises may foster the use of centrally programmed eye movements that could substitute for the vestibulo-ocular reflex. clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00411216.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                orl
                Revista de otorrinolaringología y cirugía de cabeza y cuello
                Rev. Otorrinolaringol. Cir. Cabeza Cuello
                Sociedad Chilena de Otorrinolaringología, Medicina y Cirugía de Cabeza y Cuello (Santiago, , Chile )
                0718-4816
                March 2020
                : 80
                : 1
                : 54-62
                Affiliations
                [2] orgnameHospital Regional de Talca orgdiv1Servicio de Otorrinolaringología Chile
                [1] Santiago de Chile orgnameUniversidad Santo Tomás orgdiv1Facultad de Salud orgdiv2Escuela de Fonoaudiología Chile
                Article
                S0718-48162020000100054 S0718-4816(20)08000100054
                55a400f3-6bed-4946-b87b-640ec7db8ab2

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 16 October 2019
                : 27 August 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 20, Pages: 9
                Product

                SciELO Chile

                Categories
                CASOS CLÍNICOS

                gentamicin,ototoxicidad,gentamicina,Vestibulopatía bilateral,oscillopsia,Bilateral vestibulopathy,oscilopsia,ototoxicity

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