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      Trombocitemia essencial incipiente: caso clínico Translated title: Incipient essential thrombocythemia: case report

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          Abstract

          Resumo Introdução: A trombocitemia essencial (TE) é uma condição pouco comum e assintomática na maioria dos casos. No entanto, podem surgir sintomas como cefaleias, síncope, vertigem, dor torácica, eritromelalgia e distúrbios visuais transitórios. Os eventos hemorrágicos e tromboembólicos são os grandes riscos desta patologia. O objetivo da partilha deste caso clínico é alertar para uma patologia rara que pode passar despercebida e causar eventos potencialmente graves. Descrição do caso: Sexo feminino, 43 anos, raça caucasiana, antecedentes de hepatite B crónica, sem antecedentes cirúrgicos nem medicação habitual, incluindo método contracetivo hormonal. Recorreu a consulta com queixas de enfartamento precoce, dispepsia e epigastralgia com três dias de evolução, negando alterações do trânsito intestinal, características das fezes, náuseas ou vómitos. Exame físico e endoscopia digestiva alta recente sem alterações de relevo. Foi consultado o estudo analítico que a utente realizava regularmente no hospital, verificando-se que o valor do número de plaquetas se encontrava consistentemente a rondar os 500.000/uL desde há três anos. Pediu-se ecografia abdominal que descrevia trombose parcial da veia porta e do seu ramo esquerdo. A doente foi medicada com enoxaparina 60 mg 12h/12 h. Foi realizado angio-TC abdominal, estudo pró-trombótico e estudo genético e iniciou varfarina 5 mg 1x/dia, inicialmente sobreposta com enoxaparina 60 mg 12/12h. O angio-TC viria a confirmar a trombose da veia porta e confirmou-se positiva a mutação JAK2 V617F. Assumido o diagnóstico de TE e iniciado tratamento citorredutor com hidroxiureia 500 mg em dias alternados. Comentário: Este caso chama a atenção pelo excesso de plaquetas secundário à TE, ainda que ligeiramente acima do valor de referência, ter originado uma trombose da veia porta. Pretende-se alertar os médicos de família para a importância de realizar um estudo atento, valorizando pequenas variações sustentadas fora dos intervalos da normalidade e fazer uma referenciação correta e atempada quando necessário.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Introduction: Essential thrombocythemia (ET) is an asymptomatic rare condition in most cases. Nonetheless, symptoms like headache, syncope, vertigo, thoracic pain, erythromelalgia, and transient visual disturbances may surge. The major concerns of this pathology are hemorrhagic and thromboembolic events. The aim of sharing this case report is to alert for the existence of this rare pathology that can go unnoticed and cause potentially serious events. Case description: Female, 43-year-old, Caucasian. Background of chronic B hepatitis, without surgical background nor usual medication, including the contraceptive pill. She appealed to a medical appointment with an early feeling of fullness when eating, dyspepsia, and epigastric pain in the last three days. She denied changes in intestinal habits, feces characteristics, nausea, or vomiting. Physical examination and recent upper endoscopic study were normal. The hospital medical record was examined, verifying that platelet levels were consistently rounding 500,000/uL for the past three years. An abdominal ultrasonography was requested, and it described a partial portal vein and left branch thrombosis. The patient started enoxaparin 60 mg every 12 hours. It was conducted an abdominal angiotomography, prothrombotic, and genetic study, including the JAK2 V617F mutation. The patient started warfarin 5 mg one time daily, initially overlaid with enoxaparin 60 mg 12h/12h. The abdominal angiotomography would confirm the portal vein thrombosis and the JAK2 V617F mutation study was positive. It was assumed the diagnosis of ET and was initiated cytoreductive therapy with hydroxyurea 500 mg on alternated days. Comment: This case report shows that the excessive platelet count, secondary to ET, even if slightly above the reference value, caused a portal vein thrombosis. We aim to alert family physicians to the importance of doing a careful study, valuing little sustained variations out of the normal intervals, and referring correctly and promptly when necessary.

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          Most cited references13

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          The 2016 revision to the World Health Organization classification of myeloid neoplasms and acute leukemia.

          The World Health Organization (WHO) classification of tumors of the hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues was last updated in 2008. Since then, there have been numerous advances in the identification of unique biomarkers associated with some myeloid neoplasms and acute leukemias, largely derived from gene expression analysis and next-generation sequencing that can significantly improve the diagnostic criteria as well as the prognostic relevance of entities currently included in the WHO classification and that also suggest new entities that should be added. Therefore, there is a clear need for a revision to the current classification. The revisions to the categories of myeloid neoplasms and acute leukemia will be published in a monograph in 2016 and reflect a consensus of opinion of hematopathologists, hematologists, oncologists, and geneticists. The 2016 edition represents a revision of the prior classification rather than an entirely new classification and attempts to incorporate new clinical, prognostic, morphologic, immunophenotypic, and genetic data that have emerged since the last edition. The major changes in the classification and their rationale are presented here.
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            CALR vs JAK2 vs MPL-mutated or triple-negative myelofibrosis: clinical, cytogenetic and molecular comparisons.

            Calreticulin (CALR) mutations were recently described in JAK2 and MPL unmutated primary myelofibrosis (PMF) and essential thrombocythemia. In the current study, we compared the clinical, cytogenetic and molecular features of patients with PMF with or without CALR, JAK2 or MPL mutations. Among 254 study patients, 147 (58%) harbored JAK2, 63 (25%) CALR and 21 (8.3%) MPL mutations; 22 (8.7%) patients were negative for all three mutations, whereas one patient expressed both JAK2 and CALR mutations. Study patients were also screened for ASXL1 (31%), EZH2 (6%), IDH (4%), SRSF2 (12%), SF3B1 (7%) and U2AF1 (16%) mutations. In univariate analysis, CALR mutations were associated with younger age (P<0.0001), higher platelet count (P<0.0001) and lower DIPSS-plus score (P=0.02). CALR-mutated patients were also less likely to be anemic, require transfusions or display leukocytosis. Spliceosome mutations were infrequent (P=0.0001) in CALR-mutated patients, but no other molecular or cytogenetic associations were evident. In multivariable analysis, CALR mutations had a favorable impact on survival that was independent of both DIPSS-plus risk and ASXL1 mutation status (P=0.001; HR 3.4 for triple-negative and 2.2 for JAK2-mutated). Triple-negative patients also displayed inferior LFS (P=0.003). The current study identifies 'CALR(-)ASXL1(+)' and 'triple-negative' as high-risk molecular signatures in PMF.
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              Epidemiology of myelofibrosis, essential thrombocythemia, and polycythemia vera in the European Union.

              Primary myelofibrosis (PMF), essential thrombocythemia (ET), and polycythemia vera (PV) are BCR ABL-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN). Published epidemiology data are scarce, and multiple sources are needed to assess the disease burden.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rpmgf
                Revista Portuguesa de Medicina Geral e Familiar
                Rev Port Med Geral Fam
                Associação Portuguesa de Medicina Geral e Familiar (Lisboa, , Portugal )
                2182-5173
                February 2024
                : 40
                : 1
                : 83-87
                Affiliations
                [1] Porto orgnameUSF Arca D'Água Portugal
                [2] Porto orgnameUSF Arca D'Água Portugal
                Article
                S2182-51732024000100083 S2182-5173(24)04000100083
                10.32385/rpmgf.v40i1.13605
                55bdc654-9cb1-4614-a500-4a0f93071c37

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 16 November 2022
                : 07 October 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 13, Pages: 5
                Product

                SciELO Portugal

                Self URI: Texto completo somente em PDF (PT)
                Categories
                Relatos de Casos

                Trombocitemia essencial,Caso clínico,Trombose,Janus kinase 2,Veia porta,Case report,Essential thrombocythemia,Thrombosis,Portal vein

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