Polyphenols of  Frangula alnus  and  Peganum harmala  Leaves and Associated Biological Activities

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Abstract

Frangula alnus and Peganum harmala populations growing in Saudi Arabia might be rich sources of natural compounds with important biological activities. A high performance liquid chromatography diode array revealed several polyphenols in the leaf extracts for the first time, including p-coumaric acid, rosmarinic acid, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, quercitrin, rutoside, quercetin and trifolin in F. alnus; and hydrocaffeic acid, protocatechuic acid, rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid and cynaroside in P. harmala. F. alnus and P. harmala showed strong antioxidant effects attributed to the polyphenolic composition of leaves and reduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. F. alnus and P. harmala leaf extracts showed cytotoxic effects against Jurkat, MCF-7, HeLa, and HT-29 cancer cells using MTT and flow cytometry assays. These activities were attributed to the polyphenolic composition of leaves including quercitrin, trifolin and cymaroside, as well as the activation of caspase family enzymes 2, 6, 8 and 9 in treated cancer cells compared to control. The current findings of this study include a novel comprehensive investigation on the polyphenol composition and anticancer effects of leaf extracts of F. alnus and P. harmala from natural populations in Saudi Arabia.

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Most cited references 55

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Caspases in apoptosis and beyond.

J Yuan, Mark Junjie Li (2008)

The demonstration of protein sequence and functional homology of the Caenorhabditis elegans programmed cell death gene product, CED-3, with human caspase-1 in 1993 triggered an explosion of research activities toward the understanding of molecular mechanisms of apoptosis. During the past 15 years, a plethora of knowledge has been obtained on the mammalian caspases, the homologs of CED-3, with regard to their distinct physiological functions, their substrates, different activation mechanisms, the signal transduction pathways that lead to their activation as well as their involvement in the pathogenesis of diseases. Such knowledge is beginning to be translated into new therapies for the treatment of human diseases.

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Pharmacological Properties of Protocatechuic Acid and Its Potential Roles as Complementary Medicine

Yoswaris Semaming, Patchareewan Pannengpetch, Siriporn Chattipakorn … (2015)

This paper reviews the reported pharmacological properties of protocatechuic acid (PCA, 3,4-dihydroxy benzoic acid), a type of phenolic acid found in many food plants such as olives and white grapes. PCA is a major metabolite of anthocyanin. The pharmacological actions of PCA have been shown to include strong in vitro and in vivo antioxidant activity. In in vivo experiments using rats and mice, PCA has been shown to exert anti-inflammatory as well as antihyperglycemic and antiapoptotic activities. Furthermore, PCA has been shown to inhibit chemical carcinogenesis and exert proapoptotic and antiproliferative effects in different cancerous tissues. Moreover, in vitro studies have shown PCA to have antimicrobial activities and also to exert synergistic interaction with some antibiotics against resistant pathogens. This review aims to comprehensively summarize the pharmacological properties of PCA reported to date with an emphasis on its biological properties and mechanisms of action which could be therapeutically useful in a clinical setting.

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Spectroscopic studies on the antioxidant activity of p-coumaric acid.

Ismail D. Kilic, Yeşim Yeşiloğlu (2013)

p-coumaric acid (4-hydroxycinnamic acid), a phenolic acid, is a hydroxyl derivative of cinnamic acid. It decreases low density lipoprotein (LDL) peroxidation and reduces the risk of stomach cancer. In vitro radical scavenging and antioxidant capacity of p-coumaric acid were clarified using different analytical methodologies such as total antioxidant activity determination by ferric thiocyanate, hydrogen peroxide scavenging, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl free radical (DPPH) scavenging, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity and superoxide anion radical scavenging, ferrous ions (Fe(2+)) chelating activity and ferric ions (Fe(3+)) reducing ability. p-Coumaric acid inhibited 71.2% lipid peroxidation of a linoleic acid emulsion at 45μg/mL concentration. On the other hand, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), α-tocopherol and ascorbic acid displayed 66.8%, 69.8%, 64.5% and 59.7% inhibition on the peroxidation of linoleic acid emulsion at the same concentration, respectively. In addition, p-coumaric acid had an effective DPPH scavenging, ABTS(+) scavenging, superoxide anion radical scavenging, hydrogen peroxide scavenging, ferric ions (Fe(3+)) reducing power and ferrous ions (Fe(2+)) chelating activities. Also, those various antioxidant activities were compared to BHA, BHT, α-tocopherol and ascorbic acid as references antioxidant compounds. These results suggested that p-coumaric acid can be used in the pharmacological and food industry because of these properties.

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Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Plants (Basel)

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Plants (Basel)

Journal ID (publisher-id): plants

Title: Plants

Publisher: MDPI

ISSN (Electronic): 2223-7747

Publication date (Electronic): 24 August 2020

Publication date Collection: September 2020

Volume: 9

Issue: 9

Electronic Location Identifier: 1086

Affiliations

[1 ]Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; falmana@ 123456ksu.edu.sa

[2 ]Floriculture, Ornamental Horticulture, and Garden Design Department, Faculty of Agriculture (El-Shatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria 21545, Egypt

[3 ]Department of Geography, Environmental Management, and Energy Studies, University of Johannesburg, APK campus, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa

[4 ]Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, 30-688 Medyczna, Poland; p.kubica@ 123456uj.edu.pl (P.K.); halina.ekiert@ 123456uj.edu.pl (H.E.)

[5 ]Department of Agricultural Engineering, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; aelshafei1bn.c@ 123456ksu.edu.sa

[6 ]Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21545, Egypt

Author notes

[* ]Correspondence: helansary@ 123456ksu.edu.sa (H.O.E.); a.szopa@ 123456uj.edu.pl (A.S.); Tel.: +966-581-216-322 (H.O.E.); +48-12-620-54-36 (A.S.); Fax: +48-620-54-40 (A.S.)

Author information

Hosam O. Elansary https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4476-2408

Agnieszka Szopa https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6351-4047

Paweł Kubica https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2079-7881

Ahmed A. El-Shafei https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5225-3219

Article

Publisher ID: plants-09-01086

DOI: 10.3390/plants9091086

PMC ID: 7570311

PubMed ID: 32847047

SO-VID: 576b61c4-062a-4197-a5e9-ca6907cd9204

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Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Polyphenols of Frangula alnus and Peganum harmala Leaves and Associated Biological Activities

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Most cited references 55

Caspases in apoptosis and beyond.

Pharmacological Properties of Protocatechuic Acid and Its Potential Roles as Complementary Medicine

Spectroscopic studies on the antioxidant activity of p-coumaric acid.

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