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      Aphid parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) of Kashmir, India: a checklist Translated title: Parasitoides de áfidos (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) de Kashmir, India: una lista comentada

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          Abstract

          A checklist of aphidiine parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) associated with various aphid species occurring in Kashmir was compiled. The paper deals with 61 species belonging to 15 genera, occurring in diverse areas and localities of Kashmir valley. The database pertaining to aphidid-fauna has been updated not only in the light of recent systematic and nomenclatural changes but also host names, host plants etc. Aphid parasitoids are natural enemies of aphids and form one of the potential biological control measures. Systematic study on parasitoids will form a baseline data in devising management strategies for controlling aphids.

          Translated abstract

          Se publica una lista de especies de parasitoides afidiinos (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) asociados con varias especies de áfidos en Kashmir, India. El trabajo menciona a 61 especies de 15 géneros que se distribuyen en diversas localidades y áreas del valle de Kashmir. La base de datos sobre fauna de áfidos ha sido actualizada con cambios recientes de sistemática, nomenclatura, nombres de hospederos y plantas hospederas. Los parasitoides de áfidos son enemigos naturales de áfidos y pueden ser considerados como potenciales agentes de control biológico. El estudio sistemático de estos parasitoides, ayudará en la implementación de estrategias de manejo para controlar a los áfidos.

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          A molecular phylogeny of the Aphidiinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae).

          Phylogenetic relationships within the Aphidiinae, and between this and other subfamilies of Braconidae (Hymenoptera), were investigated using sequence data from three genes: elongation factor-1alpha, cytochrome b, and the second expansion segment of the 28S ribosomal subunit. Variation in both protein-coding genes was characterized by a high level of homoplasy, but analysis of the expansion segment--robust over a range of alignment methods and parameters-resolved some of the older divergences. Parsimony analysis of the combined data suggests the following tribal relationships: (Ephedrini + (Praini + (Aphidiini + Trioxini))). In addition, the cyclostome subfamilies were found to form a clade separate from the Aphidiinae, but relationships between the Aphidiinae and the noncyclostome braconids could not be resolved. The inferred phylogeny also supported a secondary loss of internal pupation within the Praini and a polyphyletic origin of endoparasitism within the Braconidae.
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            A phylogeny of aphid parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) inferred from mitochondrial NADH 1 dehydrogenase gene sequence.

            Wasps of the braconid subfamily Aphidiinae are solitary endoparasitoids of aphids. Several aspects of their biology have been the focus of intuitive evolutionary hypotheses which could be tested with a robust phylogeny. Phylogenetic hypotheses have been proposed previously for aphidiines based on morphology, embryology, and DNA sequences. However, many of them are based on a limited number of characters and/or taxa and lack congruence. In addition, many of the inferred phylogenies have not been based upon cladistic analysis. Therefore, a phylogenetic study of Aphidiinae was undertaken, utilizing 465 bp of DNA sequence of the mitochondrial NADH1 dehydrogenase gene. DNA sequences were obtained from 40 taxa, including 14 genera and three outgroups. It is suggested that in agreement with most of the previously proposed phylogenies, the aphidiines, each of the three recognized tribes (Praini, Ephedrini, Aphidiini), and most genera are monophyletic. In contrast to previously proposed phylogenies, the clade of Praon + Dyscritulus (=Praini), rather than Ephedrini, is basal among the aphidiines. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.
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              An 18S rDNA-based molecular phylogeny of aphidiinae (Hymenoptera: braconidae).

              We have obtained a molecular phylogeny of the subfamily Aphidiinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) by sequencing the 18S rDNA in 37 aphidiine taxa. Approximately 1857 nucleotides were sequenced in each species. Evolutionary relationships were established by comparing the results of maximum-parsimony, maximum-likelihood, and distance analyses. The most variable region of this gene, V4 (approx 403 nucleotides), was employed to establish the basality of the tribe Ephedrini within this subfamily. All phylogenetic reconstructions yielded trees with very similar topologies that confirmed the existence of two of the four traditionally accepted tribes, Ephedrini and Praini, but questioned the existence of Trioxini and Aphidiini. To better ascertain the status of some groups, the same analyses were repeated with a reduced taxonomic sample in which some species that produced systematic errors in the former phylogenetic reconstructions had been removed. The results from this second analysis favor either the three-tribes hypothesis (Ephedrini, Praini, and Aphidiini) or a new classification with at least five tribes (Ephedrini, Praini, Monoctonini, Trioxini, and Aphidiini). The 18S rDNA gene is a useful marker to recover relationships not only at the tribe but also at the subtribe and genus levels in this group. The natural status of some traditionally accepted clusters is also corroborated with the present data whereas the placement of other clusters is questioned or remains unresolved. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                azm
                Acta zoológica mexicana
                Acta Zool. Mex
                Instituto de Ecología A.C. (Xalapa )
                0065-1737
                2014
                : 30
                : 3
                : 539-552
                Affiliations
                [1 ] University of Kashmir India
                Article
                S0065-17372014000300006
                57a56be6-62c7-4e02-8f39-89c3efb2b1bd

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Categories
                Zoology

                Animal science & Zoology
                Aphid,Parasitoid,Host,Pest,Kashmir,áfidos,parasitoide,hospedero,plaga
                Animal science & Zoology
                Aphid, Parasitoid, Host, Pest, Kashmir, áfidos, parasitoide, hospedero, plaga

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