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      Epidemiological study of congenital heart diseases in dogs: Prevalence, popularity, and volatility throughout twenty years of clinical practice

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          Abstract

          The epidemiology of Congenital Heart Diseases (CHD s) has changed over the past twenty years. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of CHD s in the population of dogs recruited in a single referral center (RC); compare the epidemiological features of CHD s in screened breeds (Boxers) versus non-screened (French and English Bulldogs, German Shepherds) ; investigate the association of breeds with the prevalence of CHD s; determine the popularity and volatility of breeds over a 20-year period; analysed the trends of the most popular breeds in the overall population of new-born dogs registered in the Italian Kennel Club (IKC) from 1st January 1997 to 31st December 2017. The RC’s cardiological database was analysed, and 1,779 clinical records were included in a retrospective observation study. Descriptive statistics and frequencies regarding the most representative breeds and CHD s were generated. A logistic regression model was used to analyse the trends of the most common CHD s found in single and in cluster of breeds. The relationship between breed popularity and presence of CHD s was studied. The most common CHD s were Pulmonic Stenosis, Patent Ductus Arteriosus, Subaortic Stenosis, Ventricular Septal Defect, Aortic Stenosis, Tricuspid Dysplasia, Atrial Septal Defect, Double Chamber Right Ventricle, Mitral Dysplasia, and others less frequent. The most represented pure breeds were Boxer, German Shepherd, French Bulldog, English Bulldog, Maltese, Newfoundland, Rottweiler, Golden Retriever, Chihuahua, and others in lower percentage. Chihuahuas, American Staffordshire Terriers, Border Collies, French Bulldogs, and Cavalier King Charles Spaniel were the most appreciated all of which showed a high value of volatility. This study found evidence for the value of the screening program implemented in Boxers; fashions and trends influence dog owners’ choices more than the worries of health problems in a breed. Effective breeding programs are needed in order to control the diffusion of CHD s without impoverishing the genetic pool.

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          Congenital heart disease in the general population: changing prevalence and age distribution.

          Ariane J Marelli, Andrew S Mackie, Raluca Ionescu-Ittu … (2007)
          Empirical data on the changing epidemiology of congenital heart disease (CHD) are scant. We determined the prevalence, age distribution, and proportion of adults and children with severe and other forms of CHD in the general population from 1985 to 2000. Where healthcare access is universal, we used administrative databases that systematically recorded all diagnoses and claims. Diagnostic codes conformed to the International Classification of Disease, ninth revision. Severe CHD was defined as tetralogy of Fallot, truncus arteriosus, transposition complexes, endocardial cushion defects, and univentricular heart. Prevalence of severe and other CHD lesions was determined in 1985, 1990, 1995, and 2000 using population numbers in Quebec. Children were subjects <18 years of age. The prevalence was 4.09 per 1000 adults in the year 2000 for all CHD and 0.38 per 1000 (9%) for those with severe lesions. Female subjects accounted for 57% of the adult CHD population. The median age of all patients with severe CHD was 11 years (interquartile range, 4 to 22 years) in 1985 and 17 years (interquartile range, 10 to 28 years) in 2000 (P<0.0001). The prevalence of severe CHD increased from 1985 to 2000, but the increase in adults was significantly higher than that observed in children. In the year 2000, 49% of those alive with severe CHD were adults. The prevalence in adults and median age of patients with severe CHD increased in the general population from 1985 to 2000. In 2000, there were nearly equal numbers of adults and children with severe CHD.
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            Recommendations for standards in transthoracic two-dimensional echocardiography in the dog and cat. Echocardiography Committee of the Specialty of Cardiology, American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.

            W Thomas, C E Gaber, G J Jacobs … (2015)
            Recommendations are presented for standardized imaging planes and display conventions for two-dimensional echocardiography in the dog and cat. Three transducer locations ("windows") provide access to consistent imaging planes: the right parasternal location, the left caudal (apical) parasternal location, and the left cranial parasternal location. Recommendations for image display orientations are very similar to those for comparable human cardiac images, with the heart base or cranial aspect of the heart displayed to the examiner's right on the video display. From the right parasternal location, standard views include a long-axis four-chamber view and a long-axis left ventricular outflow view, and short-axis views at the levels of the left ventricular apex, papillary muscles, chordae tendineae, mitral valve, aortic valve, and pulmonary arteries. From the left caudal (apical) location, standard views include long-axis two-chamber and four-chamber views. From the left cranial parasternal location, standard views include a long-axis view of the left ventricular outflow tract and ascending aorta (with variations to image the right atrium and tricuspid valve, and the pulmonary valve and pulmonary artery), and a short-axis view of the aortic root encircled by the right heart. These images are presented by means of idealized line drawings. Adoption of these standards should facilitate consistent performance, recording, teaching, and communicating results of studies obtained by two-dimensional echocardiography.
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              Prevalence of inherited disorders among mixed-breed and purebred dogs: 27,254 cases (1995-2010).

              Anita M. Oberbauer, T. Bellumori, Danika L. Bannasch … (2013)
              To determine the proportion of mixed-breed and purebred dogs with common genetic disorders. Case-control study. 27,254 dogs with an inherited disorder. Electronic medical records were reviewed for 24 genetic disorders: hemangiosarcoma, lymphoma, mast cell tumor, osteosarcoma, aortic stenosis, dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, mitral valve dysplasia, patent ductus arteriosus, ventricular septal defect, hyperadrenocorticism, hypoadrenocorticism, hypothyroidism, elbow dysplasia, hip dysplasia, intervertebral disk disease, patellar luxation, ruptured cranial cruciate ligament, atopy or allergic dermatitis, bloat, cataracts, epilepsy, lens luxation, and portosystemic shunt. For each disorder, healthy controls matched for age, body weight, and sex to each affected dog were identified. Genetic disorders differed in expression. No differences in expression of 13 genetic disorders were detected between purebred dogs and mixed-breed dogs (ie, hip dysplasia, hypo- and hyperadrenocorticism, cancers, lens luxation, and patellar luxation). Purebred dogs were more likely to have 10 genetic disorders, including dilated cardiomyopathy, elbow dysplasia, cataracts, and hypothyroidism. Mixed-breed dogs had a greater probability of ruptured cranial cruciate ligament. Prevalence of genetic disorders in both populations was related to the specific disorder. Recently derived breeds or those from similar lineages appeared to be more susceptible to certain disorders that affect all closely related purebred dogs, whereas disorders with equal prevalence in the 2 populations suggested that those disorders represented more ancient mutations that are widely spread through the dog population. Results provided insight on how breeding practices may reduce prevalence of a disorder.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Paola Giuseppina Brambilla:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4255-555X
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Michele Polli: Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – review & editing
                Danitza Pradelli:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5471-7547
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Melissa Papa: Role: Data curation
                Rita Rizzi: Role: Formal analysisRole: SoftwareRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Mara Bagardi: Role: Writing – review & editing
                Claudio Bussadori: Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: InvestigationRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Vincenzo Lionetti: Role: Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS ONE
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
                Journal ID (pmc): plosone
                Title: PLoS ONE
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203
                Publication date (Electronic): 27 July 2020
                Publication date Collection: 2020
                Volume: 15
                Issue: 7
                Electronic Location Identifier: e0230160
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
                [2 ] Department of Cardiology, Clinica Veterinaria Gran Sasso, Milan, Italy
                Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, ITALY
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4255-555X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5471-7547
                Article
                Publisher ID: PONE-D-20-04691
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230160
                PMC ID: 7384636
                PubMed ID: 32716943
                SO-VID: 58254845-f12f-40d7-8396-625705649526
                Copyright © © 2020 Brambilla et al
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 3 March 2020
                Date accepted : 3 July 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 5, Tables: 6, Pages: 17
                Funding
                The author(s) received no specific funding for this work.
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Organisms
                Subject: Eukaryota
                Subject: Animals
                Subject: Animal Types
                Subject: Pets and Companion Animals
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Zoology
                Subject: Animal Types
                Subject: Pets and Companion Animals
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Diagnostic Medicine
                Subject: Signs and Symptoms
                Subject: Stenosis
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
                Subject: Signs and Symptoms
                Subject: Stenosis
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Congenital Disorders
                Subject: Birth Defects
                Subject: Congenital Heart Defects
                Subject: Ventricular Septal Defects
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Developmental Biology
                Subject: Morphogenesis
                Subject: Birth Defects
                Subject: Congenital Heart Defects
                Subject: Ventricular Septal Defects
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Cardiology
                Subject: Congenital Heart Defects
                Subject: Ventricular Septal Defects
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Congenital Disorders
                Subject: Birth Defects
                Subject: Congenital Heart Defects
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Developmental Biology
                Subject: Morphogenesis
                Subject: Birth Defects
                Subject: Congenital Heart Defects
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Cardiology
                Subject: Congenital Heart Defects
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Organisms
                Subject: Eukaryota
                Subject: Animals
                Subject: Vertebrates
                Subject: Amniotes
                Subject: Mammals
                Subject: Dogs
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Diagnostic Medicine
                Subject: Signs and Symptoms
                Subject: Dysplasia
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
                Subject: Signs and Symptoms
                Subject: Dysplasia
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Veterinary Science
                Subject: Veterinary Medicine
                Subject: Veterinary Diagnostics
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Anatomy
                Subject: Cardiovascular Anatomy
                Subject: Heart
                Subject: Cardiac Ventricles
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Anatomy
                Subject: Cardiovascular Anatomy
                Subject: Heart
                Subject: Cardiac Ventricles
                Custom metadata
                Data Availability All relevant data are within the paper.

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