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      Overlapped tobacco shred image segmentation and area computation using an improved Mask RCNN network and COT algorithm

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          Abstract

          Introduction

          The classification of the four tobacco shred varieties, tobacco silk, cut stem, expanded tobacco silk, and reconstituted tobacco shred, and the subsequent determination of tobacco shred components, are the primary tasks involved in calculating the tobacco shred blending ratio. The identification accuracy and subsequent component area calculation error directly affect the composition determination and quality of the tobacco shred. However, tiny tobacco shreds have complex physical and morphological characteristics; in particular, there is substantial similarity between the expanded tobacco silk and tobacco silk varieties, and this complicates their classification. There must be a certain amount of overlap and stacking in the distribution of tobacco shreds on the actual tobacco quality inspection line. There are 24 types of overlap alone, not to mention the stacking phenomenon. Self-winding does not make it easier to distinguish such varieties from the overlapped types, posing significant difficulties for machine vision-based tobacco shred classification and component area calculation tasks.

          Methods

          This study focuses on two significant challenges associated with identifying various types of overlapping tobacco shreds and acquiring overlapping regions to calculate overlapping areas. It develops a new segmentation model for tobacco shred images based on an improved Mask region-based convolutional neural network (RCNN). Mask RCNN is used as the segmentation network’s mainframe. Convolutional network and feature pyramid network (FPN) in the backbone are replaced with Densenet121 and U-FPN, respectively. The size and aspect ratios of anchors parameters in region proposal network (RPN) are optimized. An algorithm for the area calculation of the overlapped tobacco shred region (COT) is also proposed, which is applied to overlapped tobacco shred mask images to obtain overlapped regions and calculate the overlapped area.

          Results

          The experimental results showed that the final segmentation accuracy and recall rates are 89.1% and 73.2%, respectively. The average area detection rate of 24 overlapped tobacco shred samples increases from 81.2% to 90%, achieving high segmentation accuracy and overlapped area calculation accuracy.

          Discussion

          This study provides a new implementation method for the type identification and component area calculation of overlapped tobacco shreds and a new approach for other similar overlapped image segmentation tasks.

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          Most cited references51

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          Mask R-CNN

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            Very Deep Convolutional Networks for Large-Scale Image Recognition

            In this work we investigate the effect of the convolutional network depth on its accuracy in the large-scale image recognition setting. Our main contribution is a thorough evaluation of networks of increasing depth using an architecture with very small (3x3) convolution filters, which shows that a significant improvement on the prior-art configurations can be achieved by pushing the depth to 16-19 weight layers. These findings were the basis of our ImageNet Challenge 2014 submission, where our team secured the first and the second places in the localisation and classification tracks respectively. We also show that our representations generalise well to other datasets, where they achieve state-of-the-art results. We have made our two best-performing ConvNet models publicly available to facilitate further research on the use of deep visual representations in computer vision.
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              SSD: Single Shot MultiBox Detector

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Plant Sci
                Front Plant Sci
                Front. Plant Sci.
                Frontiers in Plant Science
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-462X
                17 April 2023
                2023
                : 14
                : 1108560
                Affiliations
                [1] 1 School of Electrical Engineering, Henan University of Technology , Zhengzhou, ;China
                [2] 2 Xuchang Cigarette Factory, China Tobacco Henan Industry Co, Ltd , Xuchang, ;China
                [3] 3 Key Laboratory of Grain Information Processing and Control (Henan University of Technology), Ministry of Education , Zhengzhou, ;China
                [4] 4 Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of China National Tobacco Company (CNTC) , Zhengzhou, ;China
                Author notes

                Edited by: Zhanyou Xu, Agricultural Research Service (USDA), United States

                Reviewed by: Chunlei Xia, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), China; Changji Wen, Jilin Agricultural University, China; Brandon Weihs, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), United States

                *Correspondence: Qunfeng Niu, niuqunfeng@ 123456gmail.com

                This article was submitted to Technical Advances in Plant Science, a section of the journal Frontiers in Plant Science

                Article
                10.3389/fpls.2023.1108560
                10150031
                58bc1a22-0557-4684-8c13-fc6b77e74ce7
                Copyright © 2023 Wang, Jia, Fu, Xu, Fan, Wang, Zhu and Niu

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 26 November 2022
                : 13 February 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 12, Tables: 10, Equations: 4, References: 51, Pages: 19, Words: 9433
                Funding
                Funded by: Henan Provincial Science and Technology Research Project , doi 10.13039/501100017700;
                Award ID: 201300210100
                Funded by: China National Tobacco Corporation , doi 10.13039/501100008862;
                Award ID: AW202120
                Funded by: Henan University of Technology , doi 10.13039/501100003489;
                Award ID: 2022ZKCJ03
                This work was supported by the Innovative Funds Plan of Henan University of Technology (No. 2022ZKCJ03); Science and Technology Project of China Tobacco Henan Industrial Co. Ltd. (No. AW202120) and Henan Science and Technology Research Program (No. 201300210100).
                Categories
                Plant Science
                Original Research

                Plant science & Botany
                overlapped tobacco shred,instance segmentation,area computation,mask rcnn,cot

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