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      Redes de influência no Congresso Nacional: como se articulam os principais grupos de interesse Translated title: Networks of influence: mapping interest groups in the Brazilian National Congress

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          Abstract

          Resumo O objetivo do artigo é mapear as relações entre grupos de interesse no Congresso Nacional brasileiro e levantar hipóteses sobre a população de grupos de interesse. As perguntas que norteiam este trabalho são: como os grupos de interesse se articulam ao redor das principais discussões políticas? Quais são os grupos mais ativos? Quais são as principais características dessa estrutura de relações? Os dados para a construção da rede de grupos de interesse foram coletados a partir das páginas da Câmara dos Deputados e do Senado Nacional. A pesquisa buscou registrar todas as participações em audiências públicas e seminários nos anos de 2011 e 2012, período a partir do qual se encontrou melhor qualidade nos relatórios. Trata-se, portanto, de uma rede completa, com foco multitemático e de todas as comissões do Congresso Nacional, permanentes ou não. A rede completa de grupos de interesse é de baixa densidade de uma forma geral e caracterizada pela formação de clusters muito bem definidos ao redor de políticas públicas específicas, com muitas organizações especializadas em poucas políticas públicas. Do ponto de vista de influência, existe um subconjunto de grupos de interesses que possui relações mais intensas entre si e com os demais que pode ser chamado de núcleo e pode, portanto, ser identificado como aqueles de maior influência. Todavia, apesar da assimetria, nenhum grupo de interesse ou tipo de grupo de interesse está sequer perto de exercer a hegemonia dada a baixa centralização da rede e até mesmo a variância dos graus de influência. Os resultados são a primeira análise completa de uma rede de grupos de interesse no mundo. Eles apontam para a existência de um núcleo diversificado de grupos de interesse que são mais capazes de exercer a influência, o que indica a necessidade de revisão da pesquisa na área para dar conta dessa natureza distinta. Do ponto de vista teórico, apresenta um indício de que a tese pluralista de atomização de grupos de interesse deve ser reavaliada.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract The study aims to map the relations between interest groups in the Brazilian National Congress and to propose hypothesis about the population of interest groups. The guiding questions were: how interest groups articulate between themselves in the main political debates? Which are the most active groups? What are the main characteristics of the relationship structure? The data was collected from Congress websites. Every interest group participation in public hearings or seminars or similar events was registered for 2011 and 2012. This way, the study built a complete network with multi issue focus for all commissions of the Brazilian National Congress. The complete network has low density and several clusters around policy issues, making it closer to small world and a giant component models. Most organizations are are very specialized and is dedicated to only one policy. Nevertheless, a clear core with very central interests groups can be observed. The hypothesis is that interest groups that conforms the core have a special role and are more influente. In spite of that, none of the groups (or any coalition) seen to be predominant, as the centralization of the network is very low. The study presentes the first complete network of interest groups. The results indicate the existence of a core of organizations that exerts a structurally more important role. It is hypothesized that the centrality of interest groups can be a proxy for influence. From a theoretical perspective, it indicates the need to review pluralist thesis of atomization of interest groups.

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          Networks of coupled dynamical systems have been used to model biological oscillators, Josephson junction arrays, excitable media, neural networks, spatial games, genetic control networks and many other self-organizing systems. Ordinarily, the connection topology is assumed to be either completely regular or completely random. But many biological, technological and social networks lie somewhere between these two extremes. Here we explore simple models of networks that can be tuned through this middle ground: regular networks 'rewired' to introduce increasing amounts of disorder. We find that these systems can be highly clustered, like regular lattices, yet have small characteristic path lengths, like random graphs. We call them 'small-world' networks, by analogy with the small-world phenomenon (popularly known as six degrees of separation. The neural network of the worm Caenorhabditis elegans, the power grid of the western United States, and the collaboration graph of film actors are shown to be small-world networks. Models of dynamical systems with small-world coupling display enhanced signal-propagation speed, computational power, and synchronizability. In particular, infectious diseases spread more easily in small-world networks than in regular lattices.
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            Over the past decade, there has been an explosion of interest in network research across the physical and social sciences. For social scientists, the theory of networks has been a gold mine, yielding explanations for social phenomena in a wide variety of disciplines from psychology to economics. Here, we review the kinds of things that social scientists have tried to explain using social network analysis and provide a nutshell description of the basic assumptions, goals, and explanatory mechanisms prevalent in the field. We hope to contribute to a dialogue among researchers from across the physical and social sciences who share a common interest in understanding the antecedents and consequences of network phenomena.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Journal
                s_rsocp
                Revista de Sociologia e Política
                Rev. Sociol. Polit.
                Universidade Federal do Paraná
                0104-4478
                September 2016
                : 24
                : 59
                : 109-127
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade de São Paulo Brazil
                Article
                S0104-44782016000300109
                10.1590/1678-987316245906
                59288e89-6d43-4c49-b95a-c3474a2574a3

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History

                grupos de interesse,Congresso Nacional,análise de redes,lobby,processo decisório,interest groups,Brazilian National Congress,network analysis,decision-making

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