Association between insulin resistance and estrogen in sexual precocity of obese children

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Abstract

The aim of the study was to examine the association between sexual precocity and high-molecular weight (HMW)-adiponectin and investigate the correlation of insulin resistance and estrogen levels in obese children. In total, 60 obese children (30 boys and 30 girls) with sexual precocity were included in group A, 60 obese children (30 boys and 30 girls) without sexual precocity were included in group B, and 60 average weight children (30 boys and 30 girls) were included in group C. The levels of HMW adiponectin, fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin, luteinizing hormone (LH) peak, estradiol and testosterone were measured. The results showed that the HMW-adiponectin level of group A was the lowest and that of group C was the highest. The difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and estradiol levels of group A were significantly higher than those of group B, and group B was higher than that of group C. LH peak and testosterone levels of group A were the lowest while those of group C were the highest. The differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). A subgroup analysis showed that the above results were more significant in girls. The Pearson correlation analysis revealed that the level of HMW-adiponectin was negatively correlated with HOMA-IR and estradiol (P<0.05), and positively correlated with the LH peak (P<0.05). In conclusion, sexual precocity of obese children may be associated with insulin resistance, and the link may be HMW-adiponectin.

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Role of environmental factors in the timing of puberty.

Niels E Skakkebaek, Susan Euling, Ora Pescovitz … (2008)

Puberty-timing measures have historically been used as indicators of adequate nutrition and growth. More recently, these measures have been examined in relation to exposure to estrogenic or antiandrogenic agents, as well as other environmental factors. The scientific community has debated whether puberty timing is occurring earlier today than in the mid-1900s in the United States and, if so, whether environmental factors play a role; however, no one has asked a multidisciplinary panel to resolve this question. Thus, a multidisciplinary expert panel jointly sponsored by the US Environmental Protection Agency, the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, and Serono Symposia International was convened to examine the evidence of a secular trend, identify potential environmental factors of concern, and identify research needs regarding environmental factors and puberty timing at "The Role of Environmental Factors on the Timing and Progression of Puberty" workshop. The majority of the panelists concluded that the girls' data are sufficient to suggest a secular trend toward earlier breast development onset and menarche from 1940 to 1994 but that the boys' data are insufficient to suggest a trend during this same period. The weight-of-the-evidence evaluation of human and animal studies suggest that endocrine-disrupting chemicals, particularly the estrogen mimics and antiandrogens, and body fat are important factors associated in altered puberty timing. A change in the timing of puberty markers was considered adverse from a public health perspective. The panel recommended research areas to further our understanding of the relationships among environmental factors, puberty-timing outcomes, and other reproductive and adult disease at the individual and population levels.

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The effect of puberty on insulin resistance in obese children.

V Marras, S. Pilia, C Musiu … (2009)

Insulin resistance (IR) increases during puberty in normal children. IR is the first adverse metabolic event of obesity, and the marker of the metabolic syndrome. We aimed to study the effect of puberty on IR in obese and normal-weight children. Cross-sectional evaluation of fasting glucose, insulin concentrations, and homeostasis model assessment of IR (HOMA-IR) in obese and control children throughout puberty. We recruited 424 obese children (207 pre-pubertal and 217 pubertal divided in Tanner stages 2-3, 4, and 5) and estimated IR using the HOMA-IR index. Data were compared to those obtained in 123 healthy normal-weight children (40 pre-pubertal and 83 pubertal divided in Tanner stages 2-3, 4, and 5). In the obese children mean HOMA-IR increased progressively across Tanner stages, and was significantly higher in all groups (pre-pubertal and Tanner stages 2-3, 4, and 5) of obese than in control children. HOMA-IR was significantly correlated with BMI. HOMA-IR in obese children increases at puberty more than in normal-weight children and does not return to pre-pubertal values at the end of puberty.

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Presentation of 493 Consecutive Girls with Idiopathic Central Precocious Puberty: A Single-Center Study

Eloïse Giabicani, Slimane Allali, Adélaïde Durand … (2013)

Background Despite the number of reported data concerning idiopathic central precocious puberty (CPP) in girls, major questions remain including its diagnosis, factors, and indications of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) analog treatment. Methods A retrospective, single-center study was carried out on 493 girls with CPP. Results Eleven girls (2.2%) were aged less than 3 years. Breast development was either isolated (Group 0, n = 99), or associated with one sign, pubic hair development, growth rate greater than 2 standard deviation score (SDS) or bone age (BA) >2 years above chronological age, (Group 1, n = 187), two signs (Group 2, n = 142) or three signs (Group 3, n = 65). The interval between onset of puberty and evaluation, body mass index (BMI) SDS, plasma luteinising hormone (LH) concentrations (basal and peak) and LH/ follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) peak ratio after GnRH test, plasma estradiol and uterus length were significantly greater in Groups 2 and 3 than in Groups 0 and 1 respectively. 211 (42.8%) patients were obese and/or had excessive weight gain during the year before puberty. Obese girls more often had BA advance of >2 years (p = 0.0004) and pubic hair development (p = 0.003) than the others. BMI did not correlate with LH or with LH/FSH peak ratio. Girls with familial history of early puberty (41.4%) had greater frequencies of pubertal LH/FSH peak ratios (p = 0.02) than the others. During the 31 years of the study, there was no increase in the frequency of CPP or variation in its characteristics. Conclusion Obesity is associated with a higher BA advance and higher frequency of pubic or axillary hair development but not with LH secretion, suggesting that obesity accelerates adrenarche but not the maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis. The LH/FSH peak ratio was more frequently pubertal in girls with a familial history of early puberty, suggesting that this maturation depends on genetic factors.

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Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Exp Ther Med

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Exp Ther Med

Journal ID (publisher-id): ETM

Title: Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Publisher: D.A. Spandidos

ISSN (Print): 1792-0981

ISSN (Electronic): 1792-1015

Publication date (Print): October 2016

Publication date (Electronic): 06 September 2016

Publication date PMC-release: 06 September 2016

Volume: 12

Issue: 4

Pages: 2497-2500

Affiliations

[1 ]Department of Paediatrics, Jiangyin Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Southeast University, Jiangyin, Jiangsu 214499, P.R. China

[2 ]Department of Paediatrics, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215003, P.R. China

Author notes

Correspondence to: Dr Wei Ji, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, No. 303 Jing De Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215003, P.R. China, E-mail: ji_wei111@ 123456163.com

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Publisher ID: ETM-0-0-3663

DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3663

PMC ID: 5038903

SO-VID: 595b81e7-84b8-4de0-acd1-e98c31ac9b30

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This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

Association between insulin resistance and estrogen in sexual precocity of obese children

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Most cited references 17

Role of environmental factors in the timing of puberty.

The effect of puberty on insulin resistance in obese children.

Presentation of 493 Consecutive Girls with Idiopathic Central Precocious Puberty: A Single-Center Study

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