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      Substrate selection of the caprellid Caprella dilatata (Crustacea, Amphipoda) Translated title: Selección de sustrato del caprélido Caprella dilatata (Crustacea, Amphipoda)

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          Abstract

          The diversity of space and the variability of environmental conditions that affect habitat quality for organisms, are determining factors in the selection of an ideal habitat. The present study aimed to understand the substrate selectivity of a caprellid amphipod, Caprella dilatata, in natural environments along the southern Brazilian coast and in laboratory conditions. A total of 31 biological substrates sheltering invertebrates were collected across various localities. C. dilatata was recorded in 11 substrate samples, and was a dominant species only in finely branched and softly surfaced algal substrate, ascidian and bryozoan colonies, and the surfaces of buoys and ropes. Laboratory experiments for substrate selection by C. dilatata were performed under two conditions: two-algal substrates and four-algal substrates. The phytals of Gracilaria cervicornis, Pterocladia capillacea, Sargassum cymosum and Ulva fasciata were selected for the experiments due to their contrasting degrees of ramification. In the first experiment (two-algal substrates), caprellids were transferred to three aquaria containing varied combinations of two algal substrates with a total of nine combinations. For the second experiment (four-algal substrates), all species of algae were combined together in each aquarium. Amphipods obtained for laboratory experiments always showed an exoskeleton color very close to that of the original algal substrate. Caprellids showed a strong preference for the original algal substrate. Despite the cosmopolitan morphology of C. dilatata for selection of the substrate, the individuals were mostly found in structurally complex substrates, and the experiments show the importance of camouflage for these caprellids.

          Translated abstract

          La diversidad del espacio y la variabilidad de las condiciones ambientales que afectan la calidad del hábitat para los organismos son factores determinantes en la selección de un hábitat ideal. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar la selección del sustrato del anfípodo caprélido Caprella dilatata, en ambientes naturales al largo de la costa del sur de Brasil y en condiciones de laboratorio. Se contabilizaron 31 sustratos biológicos distintos que albergaban a invertebrados, la mayoría fueron sustratos algales. C. dilatata fue registrada en once de estos sustratos, y resultó ser especie dominante únicamente en algas finamente ramificadas, ascidias, briozoos y en las superficies de las boyas y cuerdas. Los experimentos de laboratorio para selección de sustrato por C. dilatata se realizaron utilizando dos y cuatro especies de algas que tenían contrastante ramificación; Gracilaria cervicornis, Pterocladia capillacea, Sargassum cymosum y Ulva fasciata. En el primer experimento, caprélidos fueron trasladados a tres acuarios que contenían combinaciones variadas de dos sustratos de algas con un total de nueve combinaciones. Para el segundo experimento (cuatro algas), todas las especies de algas se combinaron en cada acuario. Los anfípodos obtenidos para experimentos en laboratorio mostraron el color del dermatoesqueleto siempre muy similar al color de las algas. Hubo una fuerte preferencia de caprélidos por el sustrato original. A pesar de la morfología cosmopolita de C. dilatata para la selección del sustrato, los individuos se encuentraron principalmente en sustratos estructuralmente complejos, y demostraron la importancia del camuflaje en estos caprélidos.

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          Forest fragmentation, the disruption in the continuity of forest habitat, is hypothesized to be a major cause of population decline for some species of forest birds because fragmentation reduces nesting (reproductive) success. Nest predation and parasitism by cowbirds increased with forest fragmentation in nine midwestern (United States) landscapes that varied from 6 to 95 percent forest cover within a 10-kilometer radius of the study areas. Observed reproductive rates were low enough for some species in the most fragmented landscapes to suggest that their populations are sinks that depend for perpetuation on immigration from reproductive source populations in landscapes with more extensive forest cover. Conservation strategies should consider preservation and restoration of large, unfragmented "core" areas in each region.
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              Toward an ecological synthesis: a case for habitat selection.

              Habitat selection, and its associated density and frequency-dependent evolution, has a profound influence on such vital phenomena as population regulation, species interactions, the assembly of ecological communities, and the origin and maintenance of biodiversity. Different strategies of habitat selection, and their importance in ecology and evolution, can often be revealed simply by plots of density in adjacent habitats. For individual species, the strategies are closely intertwined with mechanisms of population regulation, and with the persistence of populations through time. For interacting species, strategies of habitat selection are not only responsible for species coexistence, but provide one of the most convenient mechanisms for measuring competition, and the various community structures caused by competitive interactions. Other kinds of interactions, such as those between predators and prey, demonstrate that an understanding of the coevolution of habitat-selection strategies among strongly interacting species is essential to properly interpret their spatial and temporal dynamics. At the evolutionary scale, the frequency dependence associated with habitat selection may often allow populations to diverge and diversify into separate species. Habitat selection thereby demonstrates how we can map microevolutionary strategies in behavior onto their population and community consequences, and from there, onto macroevolutionary patterns of speciation and adaptive radiation. We can anticipate that future studies of habitat selection will not only help us complete those maps, but that they will also continue to enrich the panoply of ideas that shape evolutionary ecology.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                revbiolmar
                Revista de biología marina y oceanografía
                Rev. biol. mar. oceanogr.
                Universidad de Valparaíso. Facultad de Ciencias del Mar (Valparaíso, , Chile )
                0718-1957
                August 2011
                : 46
                : 2
                : 207-218
                Affiliations
                [01] Curitiba orgnameUniversidade Federal do Paraná orgdiv1Departamento de Zoologia orgdiv2Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia Brasil
                Article
                S0718-19572011000200010 S0718-1957(11)04600210
                10.4067/S0718-19572011000200010
                5aaf32bd-aecc-41bc-b0e7-922a19f65f11

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 10 February 2011
                : 30 May 2011
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 39, Pages: 12
                Product

                SciELO Chile


                condiciones de laboratorio,sustratos artificiales,algas,Caprellidae,laboratory conditions,artificial substrates,phytals

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