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      Eventos adversos evitables en atención primaria. Estudio retrospectivo de cohortes para determinar su frecuencia y gravedad Translated title: Avoidable adverse events in primary care. Retrospective cohort study to determine their frequency and severity

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          Graphical abstract

          Abstract

          Puntos clave

          • Las intervenciones en seguridad del paciente, como las prácticas seguras, buscan reducir el número de incidentes para la seguridad de los pacientes, particularmente el número de eventos adversos evitables.

          • El número de eventos adversos evitables en atención primaria en España se ha duplicado con respecto a los datos aportados por el estudio APEAS (Estudio de la Seguridad de los Pacientes en atención primaria de Salud) realizado en 2008.

          • Uno de cada 30 eventos adversos evitables supone un daño grave y permanente en el adulto.

          Abstract

          Objetivo

          Determinar la frecuencia de eventos adversos evitables (EAE) en atención primaria (AP).

          Diseño

          Estudio retrospectivo de cohortes.

          Emplazamiento

          consultas de medicina de familia y pediatría de Andalucía, Aragón, Castilla La Mancha, Cataluña, Madrid, Navarra y Comunidad Valenciana.

          Participantes

          Se determinó revisar un mínimo de 2.397 historias clínicas (nivel de confianza del 95% y una precisión del 2%). La muestra se estratificó por grupos de edad de forma proporcional a su frecuentación y con revisión paritaria de historias de hombres y mujeres.

          Mediciones principales

          Número y gravedad de los EAE identificados entre febrero de 2018 y septiembre de 2019.

          Resultados

          Se revisaron un total de 2.557 historias clínicas (1.928, 75.4% de pacientes adultos y 629, 24.6% pediátricos). Se identificaron 182 EAE que afectaron a 168 pacientes (7,1%, IC 95% 6,1-8,1%); en adultos 7,6% (IC 95% 6,4-8,8%) y 5,7% (IC 95% 3,9-7,5%) en pacientes pediátricos. Las mujeres sufrieron más EAE que los hombres (p = 0,004). La incidencia de EAE en niños y niñas fue similar (p = 0,3). 6 (4.1%) de los EAE supusieron un daño permanente en pacientes adultos.

          Conclusiones

          Buscar fórmulas para incrementar la seguridad en AP, particularmente en pacientes mujeres, debe seguir siendo un objetivo prioritario incluso en pediatría. Uno de cada 24 EAE supone un daño grave y permanente en el adulto.

          Translated abstract

          Objective

          To determine the frequency of avoidable adverse events (AAEs) in Primary Care (PC).

          Design

          Retrospective cohort study.

          Location

          Family medicine and paediatric clinics in Andalusia, Aragon, Castilla-La Mancha, Catalonia, Madrid, Navarre, and Valencia.

          Participants

          A review was performed on a designated sample of 2,397 medical records (95% confidence level and 2% accuracy). The sample was stratified by age group as regards the frequency of physician consultations and considering equal distribution of male and female patients.

          Main measurements

          Number and severity of identified AAEs from February 2018 to September 2019.

          Results

          A total of 2,557 medical records were reviewed (1,928, 75.4% of adult patients, and 629, 24.6% paediatrics). A total of 182 (7.1%, 95% CI 6.1-8.1%) AAEs that affected 168 patients were identified, which included 7.6% (95% CI 6.4-8.8%) in adults and 5.7% (95% CI 3.9-7.5%) in paediatric patients. The number of AAEs in women was higher than in men ( P = 0.006). The incidence of AAEs in boys and girls was similar ( P = 0.3). Permanent damage was caused by AAEs in 6 (4.1%) adult patients.

          Conclusions

          Seeking formulas to increase patient safety in PC should remain a priority objective, particularly in female patients and in paediatrics. One in 24 AAEs causes serious and permanent damage in adults.

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          Most cited references25

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          The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data.

          This paper presents a general statistical methodology for the analysis of multivariate categorical data arising from observer reliability studies. The procedure essentially involves the construction of functions of the observed proportions which are directed at the extent to which the observers agree among themselves and the construction of test statistics for hypotheses involving these functions. Tests for interobserver bias are presented in terms of first-order marginal homogeneity and measures of interobserver agreement are developed as generalized kappa-type statistics. These procedures are illustrated with a clinical diagnosis example from the epidemiological literature.
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              Incidence and preventability of adverse drug events among older persons in the ambulatory setting.

              Adverse drug events, especially those that may be preventable, are among the most serious concerns about medication use in older persons cared for in the ambulatory clinical setting. To assess the incidence and preventability of adverse drug events among older persons in the ambulatory clinical setting. Cohort study of all Medicare enrollees (30 397 person-years of observation) cared for by a multispecialty group practice during a 12-month study period (July 1, 1999, through June 30, 2000), in which possible drug-related incidents occurring in the ambulatory clinical setting were detected using multiple methods, including reports from health care providers; review of hospital discharge summaries; review of emergency department notes; computer-generated signals; automated free-text review of electronic clinic notes; and review of administrative incident reports concerning medication errors. Number of adverse drug events, severity of the events (classified as significant, serious, life-threatening, or fatal), and whether the events were preventable. There were 1523 identified adverse drug events, of which 27.6% (421) were considered preventable. The overall rate of adverse drug events was 50.1 per 1000 person-years, with a rate of 13.8 preventable adverse drug events per 1000 person-years. Of the adverse drug events, 578 (38.0%) were categorized as serious, life-threatening, or fatal; 244 (42.2%) of these more severe events were deemed preventable compared with 177 (18.7%) of the 945 significant adverse drug events. Errors associated with preventable adverse drug events occurred most often at the stages of prescribing (n = 246, 58.4%) and monitoring (n = 256, 60.8%), and errors involving patient adherence (n = 89, 21.1%) also were common. Cardiovascular medications (24.5%), followed by diuretics (22.1%), nonopioid analgesics (15.4%), hypoglycemics (10.9%), and anticoagulants (10.2%) were the most common medication categories associated with preventable adverse drug events. Electrolyte/renal (26.6%), gastrointestinal tract (21.1%), hemorrhagic (15.9%), metabolic/endocrine (13.8%), and neuropsychiatric (8.6%) events were the most common types of preventable adverse drug events. Adverse drug events are common and often preventable among older persons in the ambulatory clinical setting. More serious adverse drug events are more likely to be preventable. Prevention strategies should target the prescribing and monitoring stages of pharmaceutical care. Interventions focused on improving patient adherence with prescribed regimens and monitoring of prescribed medications also may be beneficial.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Aten Primaria
                Aten Primaria
                Atencion Primaria
                Elsevier
                0212-6567
                1578-1275
                09 June 2020
                December 2020
                09 June 2020
                : 52
                : 10
                : 705-711
                Affiliations
                [a ]Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Elche, Alicante, España
                [b ]Fundació per al Foment de la Investigació Sanitària i Biomèdica de la Comunitat Valenciana (FISABIO), Elche, Alicante, España
                [c ]Centro de Salud Hospital Provincial-Pla, Departamento de Salud Alicante - Sant Joan D’Alacant, San Juan, Alicante, España
                [d ]Centro de Salud La Jota, Servicio Aragonés de Salud, Zaragoza, España
                [e ]Observatorio para la Seguridad del Paciente, Agencia de Calidad Sanitaria de Andalucía, Sevilla, España
                [f ]Agència de Qualitat i Avaluació Sanitàries de Catalunya (AQuAS), Barcelona, España
                [g ]Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Servicio Madrileño de Salud, Madrid, España
                [h ]Servicio de Efectividad y Seguridad Asistencial, Servicio Navarro de Salud-Osasunbidea, Pamplona, España
                [i ]Instituto de Salud Pública y Laboral de Navarra, Pamplona, España
                [j ]Servicio de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, España
                [k ]Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, España
                Author notes
                [* ]Autor para correspondencia. jose.mira@ 123456umh.es
                Article
                S0212-6567(20)30071-8
                10.1016/j.aprim.2020.02.008
                8054289
                32527565
                5ab59124-9a07-4db7-ac46-56f7d3658648
                © 2020 The Author(s)

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                : 17 December 2019
                : 4 February 2020
                Categories
                Original

                seguridad del paciente,errores médicos,atención primaria,calidad asistencial,estudio de cohortes,patient safety,medical errors,primary care,quality assurance,cohort study

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