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      Arritmias en el embarazo: ¿Cómo y cuándo tratar? Translated title: Arrhythmias in pregnacy: How and when to treat?

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          Abstract

          El embarazo puede favorecer la presencia de arritmias cardíacas que no se habían presentado previamente en individuos aparentemente sanos. Los factores que potencialmente pueden promover la presencia de arritmias en el embarazo y durante la labor y el parto se atribuyen a los efectos electrofisiológicos cardíacos directos de las hormonas, cambios en el tono autonómico, alteraciones hemodinámicas, hipokalemia del embarazo y enfermedad cardíaca subyacente. Tanto la taquicardia paroxística supraventricular como la taquicardia ventricular, pueden causar compromiso hemodinámico con consecuencias para el feto. Usualmente ningún fármaco es necesario para el manejo de extrasístoles supraventriculares o ventriculares, pero los estimulantes potenciales, como tabaco, cafeína y alcohol deben de suspenderse. En la taquicardia paroxística supraventricular, primero deben intentarse maniobras de estimulación vagal. En mujeres embarazadas con fibrilación auricular, el objetivo del tratamiento es la conversión a ritmo sinusal o el control de la frecuencia ventricular con un betabloqueador cardioselectivo o digoxina. Las arritmias ventriculares pueden presentarse en las mujeres embarazadas con miocardiopatía, cardiopatía congénita, cardiopatía valvular o prolapso de la válvula mitral. La amiodarona no es segura para el feto. El tratamiento con betabloqueadores puede continuarse durante el embarazo y el postparto en mujeres con síndrome de QT largo y torsade de pointes.

          Translated abstract

          Cardiac arrhythmias can develop during pregnancy. The risk of arrhythmias is relatively higher during labor and delivery. Potential factors that can promote arrhythmias in pregnancy or during labor and delivery, include the direct cardiac electrophysiological effects of hormones, changes in autonomic tone, hemodynamic perturbations, hypokalemia, and underlying heart disease. In this review, the basis for treatment of supraventricular and ventricular tachycardias are described. No drug therapy is usually needed for the management of supraventricular or ventricular premature beats, but potential stimulants, such as smoking, caffeine, and alcohol should be eliminated. In paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, vagal stimulation maneuvers should be attempted first. In pregnant women with atrial fibrillation, the goal of treatment is conversion to sinus rhythm by electrical cardio-version. Rate control can be achieved by a cardioselective beta-adrenergic biocker drug and/ or digoxin. Ventricular arrhythmias may occur in the pregnant women, specially when cardiomyopathy, congenital heart disease, valvular heart disease, or mitral valve prolapse exists. Electrical cardioversion or treatment with sotalol may be used (amiodarone is not safe for the fetus). Finally, in women with congenital long QT syndrome, beta-blocker therapy must be continued during pregnancy and postpartum period.

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          Most cited references23

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          Incidence of arrhythmias in normal pregnancy and relation to palpitations, dizziness, and syncope.

          We assessed the relation between symptoms and cardiac arrhythmias in 110 consecutive pregnant patients without evidence of heart disease referred for evaluation of palpitations, dizziness, and syncope (study group) and in 52 consecutive patients referred for evaluation of an asymptomatic functional precordial murmur (control group). Both groups had a high incidence of arrhythmias on Holter monitoring with atrial premature complexes (APCs) of 56% in the study group and 58% in the control group, > 100 APCs in 7% and 4% of the patients, respectively, and isolated ventricular premature complexes (VPCs) in 59% and 50%, respectively. The number of isolated VPCs was higher and > 50 VPCs/hour were seen in more patients in the study group (3,235 +/- 6,397 vs 678 +/- 3,358 beats/24 hours p < 0.05 and 22% vs 2% p = 0.03). Similarly, the incidence of multifocal VPCs was higher in the study patients (12% vs 2%, p < 0.05). There was no correlation between the incidence of both VPCs or APCs and symptoms, and only 10% of symptomatic episodes were accompanied by the presence of arrhythmias. Repeated Holter monitoring 6 weeks postpartum in 9 women with multiple premature contractions during pregnancy (9,073 +/- 9,210/24 hours) showed a substantial reduction to 1,345 +/- 1,997/24 hours (p < 0.05). Thus, this study confirms an increased incidence of arrhythmias during normal pregnancy. These arrhythmias consist mostly of APCs and VPCs. The number of simple and multifocal VPCs is higher in patients presenting with symptoms of palpitations, dizziness, or syncope; however, there is no correlation between the incidence of arrhythmias and symptoms, and only 10% of symptomatic episodes were accompanied by the presence of arrhythmias.
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            Long QT syndrome: Diagnosis and management

            Ijaz Khan (2002)
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              Long QT syndrome: diagnosis and management.

              Long QT syndrome (LQT) is characterized by prolongation of the QT interval, causing torsade de pointes and sudden cardiac death. The LQT is a disorder of cardiac repolarization caused by alterations in the transmembrane potassium and sodium currents. Congenital LQT is a disease of transmembrane ion-channel proteins. Six genetic loci of the disease have been identified. Sporadic cases of the disease occur as a result of spontaneous mutations. The acquired causes of LQT include drugs, electrolyte imbalance, marked bradycardia, cocaine, organophosphorus compounds, subarachnoid hemorrhage, myocardial ischemia, protein sparing fasting, autonomic neuropathy, and human immunodeficiency virus disease. Data on the diagnosis and management of LQT were thoroughly reviewed. The diagnosis of LQT primarily rests on clinical and electrocardiographic features and family history. The clinical presentations range from dizziness to syncope and sudden death. Genetic screening is available primarily as a research tool. Short-term treatment of LQT is aimed at preventing the recurrences of torsades and includes intravenous magnesium and potassium administration, temporary cardiac pacing, withdrawal of the offending agent, correction of electrolyte imbalance, and, rarely, intravenous isoproterenol administration. The long-term treatment is aimed at reducing the QT-interval duration and preventing the torsades and sudden death and includes use of oral beta-adrenergic blockers, implantation of permanent pacemaker/cardioverter-defibrillator, and left thoracic sympathectomy. Sodium channel blockers are promising agents under investigation. Electrocardiograms are recorded for screening of family members. The data favor treating asymptomatic patients, if <40 years old at the time of diagnosis, with beta-adrenergic blockers.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                acm
                Archivos de cardiología de México
                Arch. Cardiol. Méx.
                Elsevier (México )
                1405-9940
                June 2007
                : 77
                : suppl 2
                : 24-31
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez Mexico
                Article
                S1405-99402007000600005
                5ac2b332-6785-4fbc-ad38-ff0a00301e2c

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Categories
                Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

                Cardiovascular Medicine
                Arrhythmias,Antiarrhythmic drugs,Electrocardiogram,Pregnancy,Fetus,Arritmias,Antiarrítmicos,Electrocardiograma,Embarazo,Fetal

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