Insights into the durability of Co–Fe spinel oxygen evolution electrocatalysts via operandostudies of the catalyst structure

Abstract

Utilization of in situ/ operandotechniques for establishing the chemical/structural changes induced on Co–Fe spinels that determine their OER durability.

Abstract

Elemental reorganisation and oxidation state changes of key active sites in Co–Fe spinels are investigated by in situX-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) and operandoX-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) under oxygen evolution operating conditions. The combination of the two techniques allows identifying both the surface and bulk modifications on the oxides and relating them to the activity loss during extended cycling. The results show that Co–Fe spinels experience a surface irreversible phase evolution under oxygen evolution reaction (OER) conditions, resulting in the formation of an amorphous layer composed of new stable Co( iii) and Fe( iii) species. Accelerated ageing tests show that the durability, intended as the performance loss during cycling treatments, is not directly related to the structural/chemical stability of the spinels but to the new species formed at the surface due to the electrochemical work. Thus, the material that experienced more significant changes was also the most durable one, demonstrating that the understanding of the chemical and/or structural evolution of the materials during the catalytic process can be the key for the design of highly active and stable catalysts.