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      Screening mammography: a successful public health initiative Translated title: El tamizaje mamográfico: una iniciativa de salud pública que ha dado buenos resultados

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          Abstract

          This paper reviews the ability of screening mammography to reduce breast cancer death rates, and it discusses methods that maximize benefits and reduce false-positive interpretations in a screening program. The review covers published results from screening mammography programs conducted in Europe and North America, along with quality assurance measures designed to ensure that similar or even better outcomes will be shared by other populations of screened women. Randomized trials in Europe and the United States of America have shown the benefit from screening women ages 40-70 years. Encouraged by the success of these trials, many Scandinavian countries now offer screening mammography to their populations as a public health service. These service screening programs have reduced breast cancer deaths as much as 63% among women who were screened. In the United States, where 61.5% of women age 40 and older report having had a mammogram in the preceding year, death rates from breast cancer have been falling despite an increasing incidence of the disease. The technical quality of mammography in the United States has improved as a result of advances in mammography equipment, including the film-screen systems. Also contributing to the improvement has been the implementation of federally mandated quality control testing at each mammography facility, as required by the Mammography Quality Standards Act (MQSA), which the Congress of the United States approved in 1992. Factors that result in increased detection of early-stage cancers include better technique, use of two mammographic views per breast, annual screening intervals, and improved interpretation. Mammography is one of the 10 major subject categories on the American Board of Radiology examinations. Furthermore, MQSA requires radiologists who practice mammography to obtain continuing medical education credits and to use standard interpretation assessments on every report. Manuals for technical quality control and breast imaging reporting, as well as education and self-assessment materials on interpretation, have been developed by the American College of Radiology. Even though mammography will not detect all breast cancers, it is still the best available screening test. The American Cancer Society recommends that annual screening mammography begin no later than age 40 years.

          Translated abstract

          En este artículo se examina la capacidad del tamizaje mamográfico para reducir las tasas de mortalidad por cáncer de mama y se exploran los métodos de tamizaje que rinden los mayores beneficios y que reducen el número de interpretaciones positivas falsas en programas para la detección del cáncer mamario. La revisión comprende los resultados ya publicados que se han obtenido mediante los programas de tamizaje mamográfico en Europa y América del Norte, así como algunas medidas de garantía de la calidad orientadas a conseguir resultados iguales o incluso mejores en mujeres sometidas al tamizaje mamográfico en otras partes del mundo. Diversos ensayos clínicos aleatorizados en Europa y Estados Unidos de América han demostrado los beneficios de someter al tamizaje mamográfico a las mujeres entre los 40 y 70 años de edad. Alentados por estos buenos resultados, varios países escandinavos actualmente ofrecen programas de tamizaje mamográfico a toda la población femenina como parte integral de sus servicios de salud, con lo cual han logrado reducir la mortalidad por cáncer de mama hasta en 63% de las mujeres examinadas en esos programas. En los Estados Unidos, donde 61,5% de las mujeres de 40 años de edad o mayores declaran haberse sometido a una mamografía en el transcurso del año anterior, las tasas de mortalidad por cáncer de mama se han venido reduciendo pese a un aumento de la incidencia de la enfermedad. La calidad técnica de la mamografía en los Estados Unidos ha mejorado como resultado de adelantos en los equipos mamográficos, incluidos los sistemas de película y pantalla. Tales mejoras también se deben a que en cada servicio de mamografía se realizan pruebas de garantía de la calidad por exigencia del gobierno federal, conforme la Ley de Estándares de Calidad en Mamografía (Mammography Quality Standards Act), que el Congreso de los Estados Unidos aprobó en 1992. Ciertos factores han llevado a una mayor detección de cánceres mamarios en etapa temprana: mejores técnicas mamográficas, la toma de dos proyecciones de cada seno, mamografías de tamizaje con periodicidad anual, y mejoras en la interpretación. La mamografía figura entre las 10 principales categorías temáticas comprendidas en los exámenes del Consejo Estadounidense de Radiología (American Board of Radiology). Por otro lado, la MQSA exige que todo radiólogo que realiza mamografías obtenga créditos por asistir a actividades de educación continuada y que aplique criterios de interpretación normalizados en todos sus informes. Asimismo, el Colegio Estadounidense de Radiología (American College of Radiology) ha elaborado manuales para la garantía de la calidad técnica de las imágenes mamográficas obtenidas y los informes correspondientes, así como materiales didácticos y de autoevaluación para mejorar la interpretación. Aunque la mamografía no detecta todos los cánceres de mama, sigue siendo la mejor prueba de tamizaje que existe para detectar la enfermedad. La Sociedad Estadounidense contra el Cáncer (American Cancer Society) recomienda que el tamizaje mamográfico anual se inicie a más tardar a los 40 años de edad.

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          Mammographic screening and mortality from breast cancer: the Malmö mammographic screening trial.

          To determine whether mortality from breast cancer could be reduced by repeated mammographic screening. Birth year cohorts of city population separately randomised into study and control groups. Screening clinic outside main hospital. Women aged over 45; 21,088 invited for screening and 21,195 in control group. Women in the study group were invited to attend for mammographic screening at intervals of 18-24 months. Five rounds of screening were completed. Breast cancer was treated according to stage at diagnosis. Mortality from breast cancer. All women were followed up and classed at end point as alive without breast cancer, alive with breast cancer, dead from breast cancer, or dead from other causes. Cause of death was taken from national mortality registry and for patients with breast cancer was validated independently. Mean follow up was 8.8 years. Altogether 588 cases of breast cancer were diagnosed in the study group and 447 in the control group; 99 v 94 women died of all causes and 63 v 66 women died of breast cancer (no significant difference; relative risk 0.96 (95% confidence interval 0.68 to 1.35)). In the study group 29% more women aged less than 55 died of breast cancer (28 v 22; relative risk 1.29 (0.74 to 2.25)). More women in the study group died from breast cancer in the first seven years; after that the trend reversed, especially in women aged greater than or equal to 55 at entry. Overall, women in the study group aged greater than or equal to 55 had a 20% reduction in mortality from breast cancer (35 v 44; relative risk 0.79 (0.51 to 1.24)). OTHER FINDINGS: In the study group 100 (17%) cancers appeared in intervals between screenings and 107 (18%) in non-attenders; 51 of these women died from breast cancer. Cancers classed as stages II-IV comprised 33% (190/579) of cancers in the study group and 52% (231/443) in the control group. Invitation to mammographic screening may lead to reduced mortality from breast cancer, at least in women aged 55 or over.
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            Is screening for breast cancer with mammography justifiable?

            A 1999 study found no decrease in breast-cancer mortality in Sweden, where screening has been recommended since 1985. We therefore reviewed the methodological quality of the mammography trials and an influential Swedish meta-analysis, and did a meta-analysis ourselves. We searched the Cochrane Library for trials and asked the investigators for further details. Meta-analyses were done with Review Manager (version 4.0). Baseline imbalances were shown for six of the eight identified trials, and inconsistencies in the number of women randomised were found in four. The two adequately randomised trials found no effect of screening on breast-cancer mortality (pooled relative risk 1.04 [95% CI 0.84-1.27]) or on total mortality (0.99 [0.94-1.05]). The pooled relative risk for breast-cancer mortality for the other trials was 0.75 (0.67-0.83), which was significantly different (p=0.005) from that for the unbiased trials. The Swedish meta-analysis showed a decrease in breast-cancer mortality but also an increase in total mortality (1.06 [1.04-1.08]); this increase disappeared after adjustment for an imbalance in age. Screening for breast cancer with mammography is unjustified. If the Swedish trials are judged to be unbiased, the data show that for every 1000 women screened biennially throughout 12 years, one breast-cancer death is avoided whereas the total number of deaths is increased by six. If the Swedish trials (apart from the Malmö trial) are judged to be biased, there is no reliable evidence that screening decreases breast-cancer mortality.
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              Cochrane review on screening for breast cancer with mammography.

              In 2000, we reported that there is no reliable evidence that screening for breast cancer reduces mortality. As we discuss here, a Cochrane review has now confirmed and strengthened our previous findings. The review also shows that breast-cancer mortality is a misleading outcome measure. Finally, we use data supplemental to those in the Cochrane review to show that screening leads to more aggressive treatment.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rpsp
                Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública
                Rev Panam Salud Publica
                Organización Panamericana de la Salud (Washington, Washington, United States )
                1020-4989
                1680-5348
                September 2006
                : 20
                : 2-3
                : 125-133
                Affiliations
                [01] Orange California orgnameUniversity of California orgdiv1Irvine Medical Center orgdiv2Department of Radiology United States of America
                Article
                S1020-49892006000800009 S1020-4989(06)02000209
                10.1590/s1020-49892006000800009
                5b3d5082-f8f4-45f1-afd5-013d040eb5f2

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 14 December 2004
                : 08 August 2005
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 72, Pages: 9
                Product

                SciELO Public Health

                Self URI: Full text available only in PDF format (EN)
                Categories
                Articles and Special Reports

                tamizaje masivo,practice guidelines,breast neoplasms,mass screening,neoplasias de la mama,mamografía,evaluación de programas,Estados Unidos,program evaluation,pautas prácticas,United States,mammography

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