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      Manejo de la hiperplasia suprarrenal congénita

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          Abstract

          La hiperplasia adrenal congénita (HSC) es un grupo de desórdenes causados por defectos en la esteroidogénesis adrenal. En su forma más común, la deficiencia de la enzima 21-α-hidroxilasa, los pacientes desarrollan grados variables de deficiencia de glucocorticoides y mineralocorticoides, así como de exceso de andrógenos. En general se clasifica en formas clásicas y no clásicas. Los objetivos del tratamiento son sustituir la deficiencia de cortisol y aldosterona, evitar el hiperandrogenismo y lograr la mejor talla final; aunque estos objetivos parecen bastante sencillos, en la práctica, son muy difíciles de lograr. La terapia con glucocorticoides y mineralocorticoides es guiada por el monitoreo de variables clínicas y de concentraciones de hormonas androgénicas y electrolitos. Con respecto al crecimiento, se debe mantener un delicado equilibrio; el sobretratamiento con glucocorticoides puede conducir a deterioro del mismo, y un tratamiento insuficiente, al exceso de andrógenos y maduración epifisaria prematura. Se presenta el protocolo de diagnóstico y tratamiento de la HSC de la Unidad de Endocrinología del Instituto Autónomo Hospital Universitario de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela.

          Translated abstract

          Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is a group of disorders caused by defects in the adrenal steroidogenic pathways. In its most common form, 21-α-hydroxylase deficiency, patients develop varying degrees of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid deficiency as well as androgen excess. It is generally classified as classical and non-classical forms. The goals of treatment are to replace the cortisol and aldosterone deficiency, avoid hyperandrogenism and achieve the best final height. Although these goals seem pretty straightforward, in practice, they are very difficult to achieve. Glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid therapy is guided by monitoring clinical parameters as well as adrenal hormone and electrolytes concentrations. Practitioners must strike a fine balance; on height, overtreatment with glucocorticoids can lead to poor growth, and undertreatment, to androgen excess and premature epiphyseal maturation. The CAH diagnosis and treatment of the Endocrinology Service, Autonomous Institute University Hospital of The Andes, Mérida, Venezuela.

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          Most cited references28

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          Clinical review: Adult height in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia: a systematic review and metaanalysis.

          Treatment for patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) may affect the final height of these patients. Our objective was to determine the distribution of achieved height in patients with classic CAH diagnosed at infancy or early childhood and treated with glucocorticoids. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, ISI Web of Science, and Scopus through September 2008; the reference sections of included studies; and expert files. Eligible studies included patients diagnosed with CAH before age 5 and followed to final height. Reviewers working in duplicate independently extracted data on study characteristics and outcomes and determined each study's risk of bias. The sd score (SDS) for final height and corrected height (defined as final height SDS - midparental height SDS) were estimated from each study and pooled using random-effects metaanalysis. The I(2) statistic was used to assess inconsistency in results across studies. We found 35 eligible studies, most of which were retrospective single-cohort studies. The final height SDS achieved by CAH patients was -1.38 (-1.56 to -1.20; I(2) = 90.2%), and the corrected height SDS was -1.03 (-1.20 to -0.86; I(2) = 63.1%). This was not significantly associated with age at diagnosis, gender, type and dose of steroid, and age of onset of puberty. Mineralocorticoid users had a better height outcome in comparison with the nonusers (P = 0.02). Evidence derived from observational studies suggests that the final height of CAH patients treated with glucocorticoids is lower than the population norm and is lower than expected given parental height.
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            Consensus statement on 21-hydroxylase deficiency from the European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology and the Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society.

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              Congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

              Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) due to P450c21 (21-hydroxylase deficiency) is a common autosomal recessive disorder. This disorder is due to mutations in the CYP21A2 gene which is located at chromosome 6p21. The clinical features reflect the magnitude of the loss of function mutations. Individuals with complete loss of function mutations usually present in the neonatal period. The clinical features of individuals with mild loss of function mutations are predominantly due to androgen excess rather than adrenal insufficiency leading to an ascertainment bias favoring diagnosis in females. Treatment goals include normal linear growth velocity and "on-time" puberty in affected children. For adolescent and adult women, treatment goals include regularization of menses, prevention of progression of hirsutism, and fertility. This article will review key aspects regarding pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of CAH. Copyright © 2011 North American Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rvdem
                Revista Venezolana de Endocrinología y Metabolismo
                Rev. Venez. Endocrinol. Metab.
                Sociedad Venezolana de Endocrinología y Metabolismo (Mérida )
                1690-3110
                April 2014
                : 12
                : 1
                : 41-51
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Instituto Autónomo Hospital Universitario de los Andes Venezuela
                Article
                S1690-31102014000100006
                5cf9a6a2-e5d5-48f5-886c-e9e381c3c65e

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Venezuela

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.org.ve/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1690-3110&lng=en
                Categories
                ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM

                Endocrinology & Diabetes
                short stature,Hiperplasia suprarrenal congénita,trastorno de la diferenciación sexual,virilización,talla baja,Congenital adrenal hyperplasia,disorder of sexual differentiation,virilization

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