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      Morphological, molecular and histopathological characterization of Plagiorhynchus crassicollis (Acanthocephala: Plagiorhynchidae) from a neotropical shorebird in Patagonia, Argentina

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          Abstract

          In this work we report Plagiorhynchus (Plagiorhynchus) crassicollis from Patagonia, Argentina. Specimens were collected from the small intestine of a charadriid shorebird with Neotropical distribution, the Two-banded Plover ( Charadrius falklandicus). Both morphological and molecular characterization, plus pathological aspect of this species is provided. Plagiorhynchus (Plagiorhynchus) crassicollis is characterized by having a proboscis with 18–20 longitudinal rows of hooks and 11–14 hooks per row. Sequences of the small subunit (SSU) and large subunit (LSU) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA were obtained and compared with other sequences available in GenBank. Phylogenetic analyses inferred with each molecular marker consistently showed that P. (P.) crassicollis is sister taxa to Plagiorhynchus (Plagiorhynchus) aznari, a parasite of the long-billed curlew ( Numenius americanus) from northern Mexico. Pathologic findings associated with the parasites include ulcerative enteritis, granulomatous inflammation, diffuse lymphocytic infiltration, serositis, and peritonitis. This record expands the host and geographical record of P. (P. ) crassicollis, provide baseline information on its pathological aspects, and represents the first molecular characterization of P. crassicollis in the Neotropics.

          Abstract

          Charadrius falklandicus; Charadrii; Plagiorhynchidae; Systematics; 28S rDNA; Phylogeny

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          MrBayes 3.2: Efficient Bayesian Phylogenetic Inference and Model Choice Across a Large Model Space

          Since its introduction in 2001, MrBayes has grown in popularity as a software package for Bayesian phylogenetic inference using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods. With this note, we announce the release of version 3.2, a major upgrade to the latest official release presented in 2003. The new version provides convergence diagnostics and allows multiple analyses to be run in parallel with convergence progress monitored on the fly. The introduction of new proposals and automatic optimization of tuning parameters has improved convergence for many problems. The new version also sports significantly faster likelihood calculations through streaming single-instruction-multiple-data extensions (SSE) and support of the BEAGLE library, allowing likelihood calculations to be delegated to graphics processing units (GPUs) on compatible hardware. Speedup factors range from around 2 with SSE code to more than 50 with BEAGLE for codon problems. Checkpointing across all models allows long runs to be completed even when an analysis is prematurely terminated. New models include relaxed clocks, dating, model averaging across time-reversible substitution models, and support for hard, negative, and partial (backbone) tree constraints. Inference of species trees from gene trees is supported by full incorporation of the Bayesian estimation of species trees (BEST) algorithms. Marginal model likelihoods for Bayes factor tests can be estimated accurately across the entire model space using the stepping stone method. The new version provides more output options than previously, including samples of ancestral states, site rates, site d N /d S rations, branch rates, and node dates. A wide range of statistics on tree parameters can also be output for visualization in FigTree and compatible software.
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            RAxML-VI-HPC: maximum likelihood-based phylogenetic analyses with thousands of taxa and mixed models.

            RAxML-VI-HPC (randomized axelerated maximum likelihood for high performance computing) is a sequential and parallel program for inference of large phylogenies with maximum likelihood (ML). Low-level technical optimizations, a modification of the search algorithm, and the use of the GTR+CAT approximation as replacement for GTR+Gamma yield a program that is between 2.7 and 52 times faster than the previous version of RAxML. A large-scale performance comparison with GARLI, PHYML, IQPNNI and MrBayes on real data containing 1000 up to 6722 taxa shows that RAxML requires at least 5.6 times less main memory and yields better trees in similar times than the best competing program (GARLI) on datasets up to 2500 taxa. On datasets > or =4000 taxa it also runs 2-3 times faster than GARLI. RAxML has been parallelized with MPI to conduct parallel multiple bootstraps and inferences on distinct starting trees. The program has been used to compute ML trees on two of the largest alignments to date containing 25,057 (1463 bp) and 2182 (51,089 bp) taxa, respectively. icwww.epfl.ch/~stamatak
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              jModelTest: phylogenetic model averaging.

              jModelTest is a new program for the statistical selection of models of nucleotide substitution based on "Phyml" (Guindon and Gascuel 2003. A simple, fast, and accurate algorithm to estimate large phylogenies by maximum likelihood. Syst Biol. 52:696-704.). It implements 5 different selection strategies, including "hierarchical and dynamical likelihood ratio tests," the "Akaike information criterion," the "Bayesian information criterion," and a "decision-theoretic performance-based" approach. This program also calculates the relative importance and model-averaged estimates of substitution parameters, including a model-averaged estimate of the phylogeny. jModelTest is written in Java and runs under Mac OSX, Windows, and Unix systems with a Java Runtime Environment installed. The program, including documentation, can be freely downloaded from the software section at http://darwin.uvigo.es.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Heliyon
                Heliyon
                Heliyon
                Elsevier
                2405-8440
                08 April 2021
                April 2021
                08 April 2021
                : 7
                : 4
                : e06628
                Affiliations
                [a ]Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CEPAVE), FCNyM, UNLP, CONICET, Boulevard 120 s/n e/61 y 62, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
                [b ]Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Centro para el Estudio de Sistemas Marinos, (CESIMAR-CONICET), U9120, Chubut, Argentina
                [c ]Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Avenida Universidad 3000, Ciudad Universitaria, CP 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
                Author notes
                []Corresponding author. capasso.sofia@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                S2405-8440(21)00731-3 e06628
                10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06628
                8055564
                5d218cff-1246-4a3c-81cc-720399f2a3ec
                © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                : 15 September 2020
                : 13 December 2020
                : 25 March 2021
                Categories
                Research Article

                charadrius falklandicus,charadrii,plagiorhynchidae,systematics,28s rdna,phylogeny

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