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      Methods to Induce Cardiac Hypertrophy and Insufficiency

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          Abstract

          Animal models of cardiac hypertrophy and insufficiency have been reviewed by Hasenfuss (1988), Muders and Elsner (2000), Vanoli et al. (2004), Patten and Hall-Porter (2009), Dubi and Arbel (2010), Gomes et al. (2013), and Szymanski et al. (2012).

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          Prolonged endoplasmic reticulum stress in hypertrophic and failing heart after aortic constriction: possible contribution of endoplasmic reticulum stress to cardiac myocyte apoptosis.

          Kentaro Ozawa, Seiji Takashima, Masatsugu Hori … (2004)
          The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is recognized as an organelle that participates in folding secretory and membrane proteins. The ER responds to stress by upregulating ER chaperones, but prolonged and/or excess ER stress leads to apoptosis. However, the potential role of ER stress in pathophysiological hearts remains unclear. Mice were subjected to transverse aortic constriction (TAC) or sham operation. Echocardiographic analysis demonstrated that mice 1 and 4 weeks after TAC had cardiac hypertrophy and failure, respectively. Cardiac expression of ER chaperones was significantly increased 1 and 4 weeks after TAC, indicating that pressure overload by TAC induced prolonged ER stress. In addition, the number of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells increased, and caspase-3 was cleaved in failing hearts. The antagonism of angiotensin II type 1 receptor prevented upregulation of ER chaperones and apoptosis in failing hearts. On the other hand, angiotensin II upregulated ER chaperones and induced apoptosis in cultured adult rat cardiac myocytes. We also investigated possible signaling pathways for ER-initiated apoptosis. The CHOP- (a transcription factor induced by ER stress), but not JNK- or caspase-12-, dependent pathway was activated in failing hearts by TAC. Pharmacological ER stress inducers upregulated ER chaperones and induced apoptosis in cultured cardiac myocytes. Finally, mRNA levels of ER chaperones were markedly increased in failing hearts of patients with elevated brain natriuretic peptide levels. These findings suggest that pressure overload by TAC induces prolonged ER stress, which may contribute to cardiac myocyte apoptosis during progression from cardiac hypertrophy to failure.
          Article 0 comments Cited 140 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            MLP-deficient mice exhibit a disruption of cardiac cytoarchitectural organization, dilated cardiomyopathy, and heart failure.

            S Arber, Rachael J. Borg, G Sansig … (1997)
            MLP is a LIM-only protein of terminally differentiated striated muscle cells, where it accumulates at actin-based structures involved in cytoarchitecture organization. To assess its role in muscle differentiation, we disrupted the MLP gene in mice. MLP (-/-) mice developed dilated cardiomyopathy with hypertrophy and heart failure after birth. Ultrastructural analysis revealed dramatic disruption of cardiomyocyte cytoarchitecture. At birth, these hearts were not hypertrophic, but already abnormally soft, with cell-autonomous and MLP-sensitive alterations in cytoarchitecture. Thus, MLP promotes proper cardiomyocyte cytoarchitecture, whose perturbation can lead to dilated cardiomyopathy. In vivo analysis revealed that MLP-deficient mice reproduce the morphological and clinical picture of dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure in humans, providing the first model for this condition in a genetically manipulatable organism.
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              Defective excitation-contraction coupling in experimental cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure.

              Raphael H. Valdivia, R A Altschuld, Jeannine McCune … (1997)
              Cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure caused by high blood pressure were studied in single myocytes taken from hypertensive rats (Dahl SS/Jr) and SH-HF rats in heart failure. Confocal microscopy and patch-clamp methods were used to examine excitation-contraction (EC) coupling, and the relation between the plasma membrane calcium current (ICa) and evoked calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), which was visualized as "calcium sparks." The ability of ICa to trigger calcium release from the SR in both hypertrophied and failing hearts was reduced. Because ICa density and SR calcium-release channels were normal, the defect appears to reside in a change in the relation between SR calcium-release channels and sarcolemmal calcium channels. beta-Adrenergic stimulation largely overcame the defect in hypertrophic but not failing heart cells. Thus, the same defect in EC coupling that develops during hypertrophy may contribute to heart failure when compensatory mechanisms fail.
              Article 0 comments Cited 102 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Franz J. Hock: +4949+ 49 (0)6071 98 05 06 , dr.fjhock@t-online.de
                Michael Gralinski: mrg@cordynamics.com
                Liomar A. A. Neves: neves@cordynamics.com
                Olga Tiniakova: opt@cordynamics.com
                Journal
                Journal ID (publisher-id): 978-3-319-05392-9
                Journal ID (doi): 10.1007/978-3-319-05392-9
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Drug Discovery and Evaluation: Pharmacological Assays
                Title: Drug Discovery and Evaluation: Pharmacological Assays
                ISBN (Print): 978-3-319-05391-2
                ISBN (Electronic): 978-3-319-05392-9
                Publication date (Electronic): 28 July 2015
                Pages: 287-333
                Affiliations
                CorDynamics, Dieburg, Germany
                CorDynamics, Inc., 2242 W. Harrison St., Suite 108, 60612 Chicago, IL USA
                Article
                Publisher ID: 8
                DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-05392-9_8
                PMC ID: 7122595
                SO-VID: 5dd04fcf-1b66-4ece-92ca-e5659d8de53d
                Copyright © © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016
                License:

                This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

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                Subject: Article
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                issue-copyright-statement © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016

                Keywords: chronic heart failure,cardiac hypertrophy,angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor,brain natriuretic peptide,atrial natriuretic peptide
                Data availability:
                Keywords: chronic heart failure, cardiac hypertrophy, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, brain natriuretic peptide, atrial natriuretic peptide

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