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Mapping routine measles vaccination in low- and middle-income countries
research-article
Author(s):
Local Burden of Disease Vaccine Coverage Collaborators
Simon I. Hay:
ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0611-7272
sihay@uw.edu
Stephen S. Lim: stevelim@uw.edu
Jonathan F. Mosser: jmosser@uw.edu
1
Publication date (Electronic):
16 December 2020
Journal:
Nature
Publisher:
Nature Publishing Group UK
There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.
Abstract
The safe, highly effective measles vaccine has been recommended globally since 1974, yet in 2017 there were more than 17 million cases of measles and 83,400 deaths in children under 5 years old, and more than 99% of both occurred in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) 1– 4 . Globally comparable, annual, local estimates of routine first-dose measles-containing vaccine (MCV1) coverage are critical for understanding geographically precise immunity patterns, progress towards the targets of the Global Vaccine Action Plan (GVAP), and high-risk areas amid disruptions to vaccination programmes caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) 5– 8 . Here we generated annual estimates of routine childhood MCV1 coverage at 5 × 5-km 2 pixel and second administrative levels from 2000 to 2019 in 101 LMICs, quantified geographical inequality and assessed vaccination status by geographical remoteness. After widespread MCV1 gains from 2000 to 2010, coverage regressed in more than half of the districts between 2010 and 2019, leaving many LMICs far from the GVAP goal of 80% coverage in all districts by 2019. MCV1 coverage was lower in rural than in urban locations, although a larger proportion of unvaccinated children overall lived in urban locations; strategies to provide essential vaccination services should address both geographical contexts. These results provide a tool for decision-makers to strengthen routine MCV1 immunization programmes and provide equitable disease protection for all children.
Abstract
Although progress in the coverage of routine measles vaccination in children in low- and middle-income countries was made during 2000–2019, many countries remain far from the goal of 80% coverage in all districts by 2019.
Related collections
Most cited references51
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Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
Theo Vos, Stephen S Lim, Cristiana Abbafati … (2022)
Summary Background In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries. Methods GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw values of the posterior distribution. Findings Global health has steadily improved over the past 30 years as measured by age-standardised DALY rates. After taking into account population growth and ageing, the absolute number of DALYs has remained stable. Since 2010, the pace of decline in global age-standardised DALY rates has accelerated in age groups younger than 50 years compared with the 1990–2010 time period, with the greatest annualised rate of decline occurring in the 0–9-year age group. Six infectious diseases were among the top ten causes of DALYs in children younger than 10 years in 2019: lower respiratory infections (ranked second), diarrhoeal diseases (third), malaria (fifth), meningitis (sixth), whooping cough (ninth), and sexually transmitted infections (which, in this age group, is fully accounted for by congenital syphilis; ranked tenth). In adolescents aged 10–24 years, three injury causes were among the top causes of DALYs: road injuries (ranked first), self-harm (third), and interpersonal violence (fifth). Five of the causes that were in the top ten for ages 10–24 years were also in the top ten in the 25–49-year age group: road injuries (ranked first), HIV/AIDS (second), low back pain (fourth), headache disorders (fifth), and depressive disorders (sixth). In 2019, ischaemic heart disease and stroke were the top-ranked causes of DALYs in both the 50–74-year and 75-years-and-older age groups. Since 1990, there has been a marked shift towards a greater proportion of burden due to YLDs from non-communicable diseases and injuries. In 2019, there were 11 countries where non-communicable disease and injury YLDs constituted more than half of all disease burden. Decreases in age-standardised DALY rates have accelerated over the past decade in countries at the lower end of the SDI range, while improvements have started to stagnate or even reverse in countries with higher SDI. Interpretation As disability becomes an increasingly large component of disease burden and a larger component of health expenditure, greater research and development investment is needed to identify new, more effective intervention strategies. With a rapidly ageing global population, the demands on health services to deal with disabling outcomes, which increase with age, will require policy makers to anticipate these changes. The mix of universal and more geographically specific influences on health reinforces the need for regular reporting on population health in detail and by underlying cause to help decision makers to identify success stories of disease control to emulate, as well as opportunities to improve. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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The State of Vaccine Confidence 2016: Global Insights Through a 67-Country Survey
Heidi Larson, Alexandre de Figueiredo, Zhao Xiahong … (2016)
Background Public trust in immunization is an increasingly important global health issue. Losses in confidence in vaccines and immunization programmes can lead to vaccine reluctance and refusal, risking disease outbreaks and challenging immunization goals in high- and low-income settings. National and international immunization stakeholders have called for better monitoring of vaccine confidence to identify emerging concerns before they evolve into vaccine confidence crises. Methods We perform a large-scale, data-driven study on worldwide attitudes to immunizations. This survey – which we believe represents the largest survey on confidence in immunization to date – examines perceptions of vaccine importance, safety, effectiveness, and religious compatibility among 65,819 individuals across 67 countries. Hierarchical models are employed to probe relationships between individual- and country-level socio-economic factors and vaccine attitudes obtained through the four-question, Likert-scale survey. Findings Overall sentiment towards vaccinations is positive across all 67 countries, however there is wide variability between countries and across world regions. Vaccine-safety related sentiment is particularly negative in the European region, which has seven of the ten least confident countries, with 41% of respondents in France and 36% of respondents in Bosnia & Herzegovina reporting that they disagree that vaccines are safe (compared to a global average of 13%). The oldest age group (65+) and Roman Catholics (amongst all faiths surveyed) are associated with positive views on vaccine sentiment, while the Western Pacific region reported the highest level of religious incompatibility with vaccines. Countries with high levels of schooling and good access to health services are associated with lower rates of positive sentiment, pointing to an emerging inverse relationship between vaccine sentiments and socio-economic status. Conclusions Regular monitoring of vaccine attitudes – coupled with monitoring of local immunization rates – at the national and sub-national levels can identify populations with declining confidence and acceptance. These populations should be prioritized to further investigate the drivers of negative sentiment and to inform appropriate interventions to prevent adverse public health outcomes.
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- Abstract: found
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Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting: the GATHER statement
Gretchen A Stevens, Leontine Alkema, Robert E Black … (2016)
Measurements of health indicators are rarely available for every population and period of interest, and available data may not be comparable. The Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting (GATHER) define best reporting practices for studies that calculate health estimates for multiple populations (in time or space) using multiple information sources. Health estimates that fall within the scope of GATHER include all quantitative population-level estimates (including global, regional, national, or subnational estimates) of health indicators, including indicators of health status, incidence and prevalence of diseases, injuries, and disability and functioning; and indicators of health determinants, including health behaviours and health exposures. GATHER comprises a checklist of 18 items that are essential for best reporting practice. A more detailed explanation and elaboration document, describing the interpretation and rationale of each reporting item along with examples of good reporting, is available on the GATHER website.
Author and article information
Journal
Journal ID (nlm-ta): Nature
Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Nature
Title:
Nature
Publisher:
Nature Publishing Group UK
(London
)
ISSN
(Print):
0028-0836
ISSN
(Electronic):
1476-4687
Publication date
(Electronic):
16
December
2020
Pages: 1-10
Affiliations
[1
]GRID grid.34477.33, ISNI 0000000122986657, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, , University of Washington, ; Seattle, WA USA
[2
]GRID grid.8991.9, ISNI 0000 0004 0425 469X, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, , London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, ; London, UK
[3
]GRID grid.411600.2, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, ; Tehran, Iran
[4
]GRID grid.411705.6, ISNI 0000 0001 0166 0922, Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center, , Tehran University of Medical Sciences, ; Tehran, Iran
[5
]GRID grid.7776.1, ISNI 0000 0004 0639 9286, Department of Neurology, , Cairo University, ; Cairo, Egypt
[6
]GRID grid.411705.6, ISNI 0000 0001 0166 0922, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), , Tehran University of Medical Sciences, ; Tehran, Iran
[7
]GRID grid.411705.6, ISNI 0000 0001 0166 0922, School of Pharmacy, , Tehran University of Medical Sciences, ; Tehran, Iran
[8
]GRID grid.412132.7, ISNI 0000 0004 0596 0713, Department of Biostatistics, , Near East University, ; Nicosia, Cyprus
[9
]Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Madda Walabu University, Bale
Robe, Ethiopia
[10
]GRID grid.449044.9, ISNI 0000 0004 0480 6730, Department of Public Health, , Debre Markos University, ; Debre Markos, Ethiopia
[11
]GRID grid.442845.b, ISNI 0000 0004 0439 5951, School of Public Health, , Bahir Dar University, ; Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
[12
]GRID grid.24381.3c, ISNI 0000 0000 9241 5705, Department of Laboratory Medicine, , Karolinska University Hospital, ; Huddinge, Sweden
[13
]GRID grid.411705.6, ISNI 0000 0001 0166 0922, Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, , Tehran University of Medical Sciences, ; Tehran, Iran
[14
]GRID grid.8430.f, ISNI 0000 0001 2181 4888, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, , Federal University of Minas Gerais, ; Belo Horizonte, Brazil
[15
]Department of Research, Philippine Institute for Development Studies, Quezon City,
The Philippines
[16
]GRID grid.239578.2, ISNI 0000 0001 0675 4725, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, , Cleveland Clinic, ; Cleveland, OH USA
[17
]GRID grid.7269.a, ISNI 0000 0004 0621 1570, Department of Medicine, , Ain Shams University, ; Cairo, Egypt
[18
]GRID grid.8991.9, ISNI 0000 0004 0425 469X, Department of Disease Control, , London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, ; London, UK
[20
]GRID grid.411950.8, ISNI 0000 0004 0611 9280, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, ; Hamadan, Iran
[21
]GRID grid.412438.8, ISNI 0000 0004 1764 5403, College of Medicine, , University College Hospital, Ibadan, ; Ibadan, Nigeria
[22
]GRID grid.13097.3c, ISNI 0000 0001 2322 6764, Population Health Sciences, , King’s College London, ; London, UK
[23
]GRID grid.11956.3a, ISNI 0000 0001 2214 904X, Centre of Excellence for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis, , Stellenbosch University, ; Stellenbosch, South Africa
[24
]GRID grid.11956.3a, ISNI 0000 0001 2214 904X, Department of Global Health, , Stellenbosch University, ; Cape Town, South Africa
[25
]GRID grid.411426.4, ISNI 0000 0004 0611 7226, School of Health, , Ardabil University of Medical Science, ; Ardabil, Iran
[26
]GRID grid.66875.3a, ISNI 0000 0004 0459 167X, Department of Dermatology, , Mayo Clinic, ; Rochester, MN USA
[27
]GRID grid.411705.6, ISNI 0000 0001 0166 0922, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, , Tehran University of Medical Sciences, ; Tehran, Iran
[28
]GRID grid.444830.f, ISNI 0000 0004 0384 871X, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, , Qom University of Medical Sciences, ; Qom, Iran
[29
]GRID grid.263826.b, ISNI 0000 0004 1761 0489, Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, , Southeast University, ; Nanjing, China
[30
]GRID grid.412888.f, ISNI 0000 0001 2174 8913, Drug Applied Research Center, , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ; Tabriz, Iran
[31
]GRID grid.412831.d, ISNI 0000 0001 1172 3536, Department of Food Science and Technology, , University of Tabriz, ; Tabriz, Iran
[32
]GRID grid.4563.4, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8868, Lincoln Medical School, , Universities of Nottingham & Lincoln, ; Lincoln, UK
[33
]GRID grid.411903.e, ISNI 0000 0001 2034 9160, Department of Epidemiology, , , Jimma University, ; Jimma, Ethiopia
[34
]GRID grid.1026.5, ISNI 0000 0000 8994 5086, Australian Center for Precision Health, , , University of South Australia, ; Adelaide, South Australia Australia
[35
]GRID grid.411975.f, ISNI 0000 0004 0607 035X, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, ; Dammam, Saudi Arabia
[36
]GRID grid.411975.f, ISNI 0000 0004 0607 035X, Health Information Management and Technology Department, , Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, ; Dammam, Saudi Arabia
[37
]GRID grid.415771.1, ISNI 0000 0004 1773 4764, Center for Health System Research, , National Institute of Public Health, ; Cuernavaca, Mexico
[38
]GRID grid.507691.c, ISNI 0000 0004 6023 9806, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, , Woldia University, ; Woldia, Ethiopia
[40
]GRID grid.449162.c, ISNI 0000 0004 0489 9981, School of Pharmacy, , Tishk International University, ; Erbil, Iraq
[41
]GRID grid.412621.2, ISNI 0000 0001 2215 1297, Department of Biotechnology, , Quaid-i-Azam University, ; Islamabad, Pakistan
[42
]GRID grid.412606.7, ISNI 0000 0004 0405 433X, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, , Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, ; Qazvin, Iran
[43
]GRID grid.412763.5, ISNI 0000 0004 0442 8645, Department of Health Care Management and Economics, , Urmia University of Medical Science, ; Urmia, Iran
[44
]GRID grid.412237.1, ISNI 0000 0004 0385 452X, Student Research Committee, , Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, ; Bandar Abbas, Iran
[45
]GRID grid.411746.1, ISNI 0000 0004 4911 7066, Health Management and Economics Research Center, , Iran University of Medical Sciences, ; Tehran, Iran
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]GRID grid.411746.1, ISNI 0000 0004 4911 7066, Health Economics Department, , Iran University of Medical Sciences, ; Tehran, Iran
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]GRID grid.412237.1, ISNI 0000 0004 0385 452X, Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center, , Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, ; Bandar Abbas, Iran
[48
]GRID grid.411196.a, ISNI 0000 0001 1240 3921, Department of Health Policy and Management, , Kuwait University, ; Safat, Kuwait
[49
]GRID grid.412113.4, ISNI 0000 0004 1937 1557, International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, , National University of Malaysia, ; Bandar Tun, Razak Malaysia
[50
]GRID grid.412112.5, ISNI 0000 0001 2012 5829, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, , Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, ; Kermanshah, Iran
[51
]GRID grid.468130.8, ISNI 0000 0001 1218 604X, Department of Epidemiology, , Arak University of Medical Sciences, ; Arak, Iran
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]GRID grid.411831.e, ISNI 0000 0004 0398 1027, Medical Research Center, , Jazan University, ; Jazan, Saudi Arabia
[53
]GRID grid.412413.1, ISNI 0000 0001 2299 4112, Department of Parasitology, , Sana’a University, ; Sana’a, Yemen
[54
]GRID grid.56302.32, ISNI 0000 0004 1773 5396, Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, , King Saud University, ; Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
[55
]GRID grid.30820.39, ISNI 0000 0001 1539 8988, Department of Pharmacology, , Mekelle University, ; Mekelle, Ethiopia
[56
]GRID grid.468130.8, ISNI 0000 0001 1218 604X, Health Services Management Department, , Arak University of Medical Sciences, ; Arak, Iran
[57
]GRID grid.411036.1, ISNI 0000 0001 1498 685X, Health Management and Economics Research Center, , Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, ; Isfahan, Iran
[58
]GRID grid.412112.5, ISNI 0000 0001 2012 5829, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, , Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, ; Kermanshah, Iran
[59
]GRID grid.11159.3d, ISNI 0000 0000 9650 2179, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, , University of the Philippines Manila, ; Manila, The Philippines
[60
]GRID grid.21107.35, ISNI 0000 0001 2171 9311, School of Public Health, , Johns Hopkins University, ; Baltimore, MD USA
[61
]GRID grid.413355.5, ISNI 0000 0001 2221 4219, Maternal and Child Wellbeing, , African Population and Health Research Center, ; Nairobi, Kenya
[62
]GRID grid.8194.4, ISNI 0000 0000 9828 7548, Pharmacy Department, , Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, ; Bucharest, Romania
[63
]GRID grid.8194.4, ISNI 0000 0000 9828 7548, Cardiology Department, , Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, ; Bucharest, Romania
[64
]GRID grid.412653.7, ISNI 0000 0004 0405 6183, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, , Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, ; Rafsanjan, Iran
[65
]GRID grid.412888.f, ISNI 0000 0001 2174 8913, Research Center for Evidence Based Medicine, , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ; Tabriz, Iran
[66
]GRID grid.473705.2, ISNI 0000 0001 0681 7351, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, , Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization (AREEO), ; Tehran, Iran
[67
]GRID grid.488433.0, ISNI 0000 0004 0612 8339, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, , Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, ; Zahedan, Iran
[68
]GRID grid.464565.0, ISNI 0000 0004 0455 7818, Department of Public Health, , Debre Berhan University, ; Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
[69
]GRID grid.11159.3d, ISNI 0000 0000 9650 2179, Department of Health Policy and Administration, , University of the Philippines Manila, ; Manila, The Philippines
[70
]GRID grid.16890.36, ISNI 0000 0004 1764 6123, Department of Applied Social Sciences, , Hong Kong Polytechnic University, ; Hong Kong, China
[71
]GRID grid.444517.7, ISNI 0000 0004 1763 5731, Agribusiness Study Program, , Sebelas Maret University, ; Surakarta, Indonesia
[72
]GRID grid.411623.3, ISNI 0000 0001 2227 0923, Department of Parasitology, , Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, ; Sari, Iran
[74
]GRID grid.411701.2, ISNI 0000 0004 0417 4622, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, , Birjand University of Medical Sciences, ; Birjand, Iran
[75
]GRID grid.19822.30, ISNI 0000 0001 2180 2449, Department of Public Health, , Birmingham City University, ; Birmingham, UK
[76
]Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Saveh University of Medical Sciences,
Saveh, Iran
[77
]GRID grid.413020.4, ISNI 0000 0004 0384 8939, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, , Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, ; Yasuj, Iran
[79
]GRID grid.411495.c, ISNI 0000 0004 0421 4102, School of Nursing and Midwifery, , Babol University of Medical Sciences, ; Babol, Iran
[80
]GRID grid.411495.c, ISNI 0000 0004 0421 4102, Babol University of Medical Sciences, ; Babol, Iran
[81
]GRID grid.411746.1, ISNI 0000 0004 4911 7066, Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, , Iran University of Medical Sciences, ; Tehran, Iran
[82
]GRID grid.411600.2, Prevention of Metabolic Disorders Research Center, , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, ; Tehran, Iran
[83
]GRID grid.412112.5, ISNI 0000 0001 2012 5829, Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, , Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, ; Kermanshah, Iran
[84
]GRID grid.9918.9, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8411, School of Business, , University of Leicester, ; Leicester, UK
[85
]GRID grid.432032.4, ISNI 0000 0004 0416 9364, Department of Statistics and Econometrics, , Bucharest University of Economic Studies, ; Bucharest, Romania
[86
]GRID grid.494633.f, ISNI 0000 0004 4901 9060, Department of Nursing, , Wolaita Sodo University, ; Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
[87
]GRID grid.1018.8, ISNI 0000 0001 2342 0938, The Judith Lumley Centre, , La Trobe University, ; Melbourne, Victoria Australia
[88
]GRID grid.449729.5, ISNI 0000 0004 7707 5975, Department of Health Policy Planning and Management, , University of Health and Allied Sciences, ; Ho, Ghana
[89
]GRID grid.464565.0, ISNI 0000 0004 0455 7818, Department of Nursing, , Debre Berhan University, ; Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
[90
]GRID grid.411495.c, ISNI 0000 0004 0421 4102, Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, , Babol University of Medical Sciences, ; Babol, Iran
[91
]GRID grid.415368.d, ISNI 0000 0001 0805 4386, Public Health Risk Sciences Division, , Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, ; Ontario, Canada
[92
]GRID grid.17063.33, ISNI 0000 0001 2157 2938, Department of Nutritional Sciences, , University of Toronto, ; Toronto, Ontario Canada
[94
]GRID grid.412571.4, ISNI 0000 0000 8819 4698, Department of Healthcare Management and Education, , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, ; Shiraz, Iran
[95
]GRID grid.449643.8, ISNI 0000 0000 9358 3479, Unit of Biochemistry, , Sultan Zainal Abidin University (Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin), ; Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
[96
]GRID grid.411705.6, ISNI 0000 0001 0166 0922, Department of Health Policy, , Management, and Economics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, ; Tehran, Iran
[97
]GRID grid.192267.9, ISNI 0000 0001 0108 7468, Department of Medical Microbiology, , Haramaya University, ; Harar, Ethiopia
[98
]GRID grid.8267.b, ISNI 0000 0001 2165 3025, Department of Hypertension, , Medical University of Lodz, ; Lodz, Poland
[100
]GRID grid.459397.5, ISNI 0000 0004 4682 8575, Department of Non-communicable Diseases, , Bangladesh University of Health Sciences, ; Dhaka, Bangladesh
[101
]GRID grid.418577.8, ISNI 0000 0000 8743 1110, Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, , Clinical Center of Serbia, ; Belgrade, Serbia
[102
]GRID grid.7149.b, ISNI 0000 0001 2166 9385, Faculty of Medicine, , University of Belgrade, ; Belgrade, Serbia
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]GRID grid.473705.2, ISNI 0000 0001 0681 7351, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, , Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), ; Karaj, Iran
[104
]GRID grid.59547.3a, ISNI 0000 0000 8539 4635, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, , University of Gondar, ; Gondar, Ethiopia
[105
]GRID grid.38142.3c, ISNI 000000041936754X, Center for Primary Care, , Harvard University, ; Boston, MA USA
[106
]GRID grid.7445.2, ISNI 0000 0001 2113 8111, School of Public Health, , Imperial College London, ; London, UK
[107
]GRID grid.412571.4, ISNI 0000 0000 8819 4698, Health Human Resources Research Center, , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, ; Shiraz, Iran
[108
]Monitoring, Evaluation and Research Department, JSI Research & Training Institute,
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
[109
]GRID grid.415285.f, Department of Community Medicine, , Gandhi Medical College Bhopal, ; Bhopal, India
[111
]Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences,
Khorramabad, Iran
[112
]GRID grid.47100.32, ISNI 0000000419368710, School of the Environment, , Yale University, ; New Haven, CT USA
[113
]GRID grid.442844.a, ISNI 0000 0000 9126 7261, Department of Public Health, , Arba Minch University, ; Arba Minch, Ethiopia
[114
]GRID grid.30820.39, ISNI 0000 0001 1539 8988, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, , Mekelle University, ; Mekelle, Ethiopia
[116
]GRID grid.17063.33, ISNI 0000 0001 2157 2938, Centre for Global Child Health, , University of Toronto, ; Toronto, Ontario Canada
[117
]GRID grid.7147.5, ISNI 0000 0001 0633 6224, Centre of Excellence in Women & Child Health, , Aga Khan University, ; Karachi, Pakistan
[118
]GRID grid.411495.c, ISNI 0000 0004 0421 4102, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, , Babol University of Medical Sciences, ; Babol, Iran
[119
]GRID grid.442845.b, ISNI 0000 0004 0439 5951, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, , Bahir Dar University, ; Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
[120
]GRID grid.62562.35, ISNI 0000000100301493, Global Health Division, Research Triangle Institute International, ; Research Triangle Park, NC USA
[121
]GRID grid.4563.4, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8868, School of Medicine, , University of Nottingham, ; Nottingham, UK
[122
]GRID grid.414764.4, ISNI 0000 0004 0507 4308, Department of Neurology, , Institute of Post-Graduate Medical Education and Research and Seth Sukhlal Karnani
Memorial Hospital, ; Kolkata, India
[123
]GRID grid.472625.0, Department of Veterinary Medicine, , Islamic Azad University, ; Kermanshah, Iran
[124
]GRID grid.428191.7, ISNI 0000 0004 0495 7803, Department of Biomedical Sciences, , Nazarbayev University, ; Nur-Sultan City, Kazakhstan
[125
]GRID grid.411950.8, ISNI 0000 0004 0611 9280, Department of Endocrinology, , Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, ; Hamadan, Iran
[127
]GRID grid.61569.3d, ISNI 0000 0001 0405 5955, Department of Biomedical Technologies, , Bauman Moscow State Technical University, ; Moscow, Russia
[128
]GRID grid.448878.f, ISNI 0000 0001 2288 8774, Department of Epidemiology and Evidence Based Medicine, , I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, ; Moscow, Russia
[129
]Department of Community Medicine, Employee State Insurance Post Graduate Institute
of Medical Sciences and Research, Bangalore, India
[130
]GRID grid.46078.3d, ISNI 0000 0000 8644 1405, School of Public Health and Health Systems, , University of Waterloo, ; Waterloo, Ontario Canada
[132
]GRID grid.414775.4, ISNI 0000 0001 2319 4408, Internal Medicine Department, , Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, ; Buenos Aires, Argentina
[134
]GRID grid.415771.1, ISNI 0000 0004 1773 4764, Health and Nutrition Research Center, , National Institute of Public Health, ; Cuernavaca, Mexico
[135
]GRID grid.59025.3b, ISNI 0000 0001 2224 0361, Centre for Population Health Sciences, , Nanyang Technological University, ; Singapore, Singapore
[136
]GRID grid.7445.2, ISNI 0000 0001 2113 8111, Department of Primary Care and Public Health, , Imperial College London, ; London, UK
[137
]GRID grid.7220.7, ISNI 0000 0001 2157 0393, Department of Health Care, , Metropolitan Autonomous University, ; Mexico City, Mexico
[138
]GRID grid.5808.5, ISNI 0000 0001 1503 7226, Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), , University of Porto, ; Porto, Portugal
[139
]GRID grid.11899.38, ISNI 0000 0004 1937 0722, Department of Psychiatry, , University of São Paulo, ; São Paulo, Brazil
[140
]GRID grid.419049.1, ISNI 0000 0000 8505 1122, Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, ; Panama City, Panama
[141
]GRID grid.17063.33, ISNI 0000 0001 2157 2938, Department of Medicine, , University of Toronto, Toronto, ; Ontario, Canada
[142
]GRID grid.411495.c, ISNI 0000 0004 0421 4102, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, , Babol University of Medical Sciences, ; Babol, Iran
[143
]GRID grid.419336.a, ISNI 0000 0004 0612 4397, Epidemiology Research Center, , Royan Institute, ; Tehran, Iran
[144
]GRID grid.1002.3, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 7857, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, , Monash University, ; Melbourne, Victoria Australia
[145
]GRID grid.1008.9, ISNI 0000 0001 2179 088X, Melbourne Medical School, , University of Melbourne, ; Parkville, Victoria Australia
[146
]GRID grid.440774.4, ISNI 0000 0004 0451 8149, Faculty of Biology, , Hanoi National University of Education, ; Hanoi, Vietnam
[147
]GRID grid.411975.f, ISNI 0000 0004 0607 035X, Environmental Health Department, , Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, ; Dammam, Saudi Arabia
[148
]GRID grid.4708.b, ISNI 0000 0004 1757 2822, Clinical Dermatology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, , University of Milan, ; Milan, Italy
[149
]GRID grid.67105.35, ISNI 0000 0001 2164 3847, Department of Dermatology, , Case Western Reserve University, ; Cleveland, OH USA
[150
]GRID grid.415361.4, ISNI 0000 0004 1761 0198, Public Health Foundation of India, ; Gurugram, India
[151
]GRID grid.34477.33, ISNI 0000000122986657, Department of Health Metrics Sciences, , School of Medicine, University of Washington, ; Seattle, WA USA
[152
]GRID grid.19096.37, ISNI 0000 0004 1767 225X, Indian Council of Medical Research, ; New Delhi, India
[153
]GRID grid.3575.4, ISNI 0000000121633745, Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals (IVB), , World Health Organization (WHO), ; Geneva, Switzerland
[154
]GRID grid.418309.7, ISNI 0000 0000 8990 8592, Global Delivery Programs, , Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, ; Seattle, WA USA
[155
]GRID grid.472438.e, Department of Information Technology, , University of Human Development, ; Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
[156
]GRID grid.412258.8, ISNI 0000 0000 9477 7793, Department of Pediatrics, , Tanta University, ; Tanta, Egypt
[157
]GRID grid.7147.5, ISNI 0000 0001 0633 6224, Division of Women and Child Health, , Aga Khan University, ; Karachi, Pakistan
[158
]GRID grid.7700.0, ISNI 0000 0001 2190 4373, Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), , Heidelberg University, ; Heidelberg, Germany
[159
]GRID grid.442845.b, ISNI 0000 0004 0439 5951, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, , Bahir Dar University, ; Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
[160
]GRID grid.507691.c, ISNI 0000 0004 6023 9806, Department of Nursing, , Woldia University, ; Woldia, Ethiopia
[161
]GRID grid.411903.e, ISNI 0000 0001 2034 9160, School of Nursing, , Jimma University, ; Jimma, Ethiopia
[162
]GRID grid.415771.1, ISNI 0000 0004 1773 4764, Center for Nutrition and Health Research, , National Institute of Public Health, ; Cuernavaca, Mexico
[163
]GRID grid.192267.9, ISNI 0000 0001 0108 7468, School of Nursing and Midwifery, , Haramaya University, ; Harar, Ethiopia
[164
]GRID grid.30820.39, ISNI 0000 0001 1539 8988, School of Pharmacy, , Mekelle University, ; Mekelle, Ethiopia
[165
]GRID grid.11139.3b, ISNI 0000 0000 9816 8637, Department of Community Medicine, , University of Peradeniya, ; Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
[166
]GRID grid.461022.3, Department of Microbiology, , Far Western University, ; Mahendranagar, Nepal
[167
]GRID grid.444858.1, ISNI 0000 0004 0384 8816, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, , Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, ; Shahroud, Iran
[168
]GRID grid.412571.4, ISNI 0000 0000 8819 4698, Department of Epidemiology, , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, ; Shiraz, Iran
[169
]GRID grid.9486.3, ISNI 0000 0001 2159 0001, Center of Complexity Sciences, , National Autonomous University of Mexico, ; Mexico City, Mexico
[170
]GRID grid.412863.a, ISNI 0000 0001 2192 9271, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, , Autonomous University of Sinaloa, ; Culiacán Rosales, Mexico
[171
]GRID grid.9582.6, ISNI 0000 0004 1794 5983, Department of Health Promotion and Education, , University of Ibadan, ; Ibadan, Nigeria
[173
]GRID grid.411746.1, ISNI 0000 0004 4911 7066, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, , Iran University of Medical Sciences, ; Tehran, Iran
[174
]GRID grid.412888.f, ISNI 0000 0001 2174 8913, Department of Health Policy and Management, , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ; Tabriz, Iran
[175
]GRID grid.1029.a, ISNI 0000 0000 9939 5719, School of Medicine, , Western Sydney University, ; Sydney, New South Wales Australia
[176
]GRID grid.1017.7, ISNI 0000 0001 2163 3550, Health Sciences, , Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, ; Melbourne, Victoria Australia
[177
]GRID grid.4991.5, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8948, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, , University of Oxford, ; Oxford, UK
[178
]GRID grid.501272.3, ISNI 0000 0004 5936 4917, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, ; Bangkok, Thailand
[179
]GRID grid.8399.b, ISNI 0000 0004 0372 8259, School of Medicine, , Federal University of Bahia, ; Salvador, Brazil
[180
]GRID grid.414171.6, ISNI 0000 0004 0398 2863, Department of Internal Medicine, , Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, ; Salvador, Brazil
[181
]GRID grid.65456.34, ISNI 0000 0001 2110 1845, Department of Epidemiology, , Florida International University, ; Miami, FL USA
[182
]GRID grid.412888.f, ISNI 0000 0001 2174 8913, Department of Bacteriology and Virology, , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ; Tabriz, Iran
[183
]GRID grid.11875.3a, ISNI 0000 0001 2294 3534, School of Health Sciences, , Universiti Sains Malaysia, ; Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
[184
]GRID grid.266842.c, ISNI 0000 0000 8831 109X, Centre Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, , University of Newcastle, ; Newcastle, New South Wales Australia
[185
]GRID grid.449862.5, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, , Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, ; Maragheh, Iran
[186
]GRID grid.37179.3b, ISNI 0000 0001 0664 8391, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, , The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, ; Lublin, Poland
[187
]GRID grid.7155.6, ISNI 0000 0001 2260 6941, Biomedical Informatics and Medical Statistics Department, , Alexandria University, ; Alexandria, Egypt
[188
]Reference Laboratory of Egyptian Universities Hospitals, Ministry of Higher Education
and Research, Cairo, Egypt
[190
]GRID grid.7776.1, ISNI 0000 0004 0639 9286, Neurophysiology Department, , Cairo University, ; Cairo, Egypt
[191
]GRID grid.7776.1, ISNI 0000 0004 0639 9286, Endemic Medicine and Hepatogastroentrology Department, , Cairo University, ; Cairo, Egypt
[192
]GRID grid.444858.1, ISNI 0000 0004 0384 8816, Ophthalmic Epidemiology Research Center, , Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, ; Shahroud, Iran
[193
]GRID grid.33003.33, ISNI 0000 0000 9889 5690, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, , Suez Canal University, ; Ismailia, Egypt
[194
]GRID grid.412105.3, ISNI 0000 0001 2092 9755, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, , Kerman University of Medical Sciences, ; Kerman, Iran
[195
]GRID grid.412105.3, ISNI 0000 0001 2092 9755, Pharmaceutics Research Center, , Kerman University of Medical Sciences, ; Kerman, Iran
[196
]GRID grid.411705.6, ISNI 0000 0001 0166 0922, Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, , Tehran University of Medical Sciences, ; Tehran, Iran
[197
]GRID grid.412266.5, ISNI 0000 0001 1781 3962, Department of Physiology, , Tarbiat Modares University, ; Tehran, Iran
[198
]GRID grid.411463.5, ISNI 0000 0001 0706 2472, Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, , Islamic Azad University, ; Tehran, Iran
[199
]GRID grid.449862.5, Department of Public Health, , Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, ; Maragheh, Iran
[200
]GRID grid.192268.6, ISNI 0000 0000 8953 2273, Unit of Medical Physiology, , Hawassa University, ; Hawassa, Ethiopia
[201
]GRID grid.411705.6, ISNI 0000 0001 0166 0922, School of Public Health, , Tehran University of Medical Sciences, ; Tehran, Iran
[203
]GRID grid.411623.3, ISNI 0000 0001 2227 0923, Department of Medical Parasitology, , Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, ; Sari, Iran
[204
]GRID grid.6292.f, ISNI 0000 0004 1757 1758, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, , University of Bologna, ; Bologna, Italy
[205
]GRID grid.411705.6, ISNI 0000 0001 0166 0922, Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, , Tehran University of Medical Sciences, ; Tehran, Iran
[206
]GRID grid.412112.5, ISNI 0000 0001 2012 5829, Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, , Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, ; Kermanshah, Iran
[207
]GRID grid.411426.4, ISNI 0000 0004 0611 7226, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, , Ardabil University of Medical Science, ; Ardabil, Iran
[208
]GRID grid.411705.6, ISNI 0000 0001 0166 0922, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, , Tehran University of Medical Sciences, ; Tehran, Iran
[209
]GRID grid.4714.6, ISNI 0000 0004 1937 0626, Department of Neurobiology, , Karolinska Institute, ; Stockholm, Sweden
[210
]GRID grid.28046.38, ISNI 0000 0001 2182 2255, Division of Neurology, , University of Ottawa, ; Ottawa, Ontario Canada
[211
]GRID grid.5808.5, ISNI 0000 0001 1503 7226, Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV), , University of Porto, ; Porto, Portugal
[212
]GRID grid.414895.5, ISNI 0000 0004 0445 1191, Psychiatry Department, , Kaiser Permanente, ; Fontana, CA USA
[213
]GRID grid.251612.3, ISNI 0000 0004 0383 094X, School of Health Sciences, , A. T. Still University, ; Mesa, AZ USA
[214
]GRID grid.449767.f, ISNI 0000 0004 0550 5657, Institute of Gerontological Health Services and Nursing Research, , Ravensburg-Weingarten University of Applied Sciences, ; Weingarten, Germany
[215
]GRID grid.419973.1, Institute of Gerontology, , National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, ; Kyiv, Ukraine
[216
]GRID grid.10824.3f, ISNI 0000 0001 2183 9444, Department of Child Dental Health, , Obafemi Awolowo University, ; Ile-Ife, Nigeria
[218
]GRID grid.31432.37, ISNI 0000 0001 1092 3077, Department of Dermatology, , Kobe University, ; Kobe, Japan
[219
]GRID grid.10698.36, ISNI 0000000122483208, Gillings School of Global Public Health, , University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, ; Chapel Hill, NC USA
[221
]GRID grid.493105.a, ISNI 0000 0000 9089 2970, Menelik-II College of Medical and Health Sciences, , Kotebe Metropolitan University, ; Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
[222
]GRID grid.30820.39, ISNI 0000 0001 1539 8988, School of Public Health, , Mekelle University, ; Mekelle, Ethiopia
[223
]GRID grid.7123.7, ISNI 0000 0001 1250 5688, Department of Nursing and Midwifery, , Addis Ababa University, ; Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
[224
]GRID grid.448640.a, ISNI 0000 0004 0514 3385, Department of Nursing, , Aksum University, ; Aksum, Ethiopia
[225
]GRID grid.30820.39, ISNI 0000 0001 1539 8988, Department of Nursing, , Mekelle University, ; Mekelle, Ethiopia
[226
]GRID grid.30820.39, ISNI 0000 0001 1539 8988, Department of Reproductive Health, , Mekelle University, ; Mekelle, Ethiopia
[227
]GRID grid.507691.c, ISNI 0000 0004 6023 9806, Department of Midwifery, , Woldia University, ; Woldia, Ethiopia
[228
]GRID grid.30820.39, ISNI 0000 0001 1539 8988, Department of Biostatistics, , Mekelle University, ; Mekelle, Ethiopia
[229
]GRID grid.412112.5, ISNI 0000 0001 2012 5829, Infectious Disease Research Center, , Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, ; Kermanshah, Iran
[230
]GRID grid.412112.5, ISNI 0000 0001 2012 5829, Pediatric Department, , Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, ; Kermanshah, Iran
[231
]GRID grid.412888.f, ISNI 0000 0001 2174 8913, Medical Education Research Center, , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ; Tabiz, Iran
[232
]GRID grid.412266.5, ISNI 0000 0001 1781 3962, Department of Parasitology and Entomology, , Tarbiat Modares University, ; Tehran, Iran
[233
]GRID grid.411705.6, ISNI 0000 0001 0166 0922, Department of Neurology, , Tehran University of Medical Sciences, ; Tehran, Iran
[234
]GRID grid.484406.a, ISNI 0000 0004 0417 6812, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, , Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, ; Sanandaj, Iran
[235
]GRID grid.411746.1, ISNI 0000 0004 4911 7066, Student Research Committee, , Iran University of Medical Sciences, ; Tehran, Iran
[236
]GRID grid.8391.3, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8024, Institute of Health Research, , University of Exeter, ; Exeter, UK
[237
]GRID grid.469939.8, ISNI 0000 0004 0494 1115, Young Researchers and Elite Club, , Islamic Azad University, ; Rasht, Iran
[238
]GRID grid.411463.5, ISNI 0000 0001 0706 2472, Department of Biology, , Islamic Azad University, ; Tehran, Iran
[239
]GRID grid.440564.7, ISNI 0000 0001 0415 4232, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, , The University of Lahore, ; Lahore, Pakistan
[241
]GRID grid.7372.1, ISNI 0000 0000 8809 1613, Medical School, , University of Warwick, ; Coventry, UK
[242
]GRID grid.5808.5, ISNI 0000 0001 1503 7226, Department of Chemistry, , University of Porto, ; Porto, Portugal
[243
]GRID grid.266902.9, ISNI 0000 0001 2179 3618, Hudson College of Public Health, , University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, ; Oklahoma City, OK USA
[244
]GRID grid.433834.b, ISNI 0000 0004 1777 9129, Department of Health and Social Affairs, , Government of the Federated States of Micronesia, ; Palikir, Federated States of Micronesia
[245
]GRID grid.8532.c, ISNI 0000 0001 2200 7498, Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, , Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, ; Porto Alegre, Brazil
[246
]GRID grid.189504.1, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 7558, Department of Dermatology, , Boston University, ; Boston, MA USA
[247
]GRID grid.411195.9, ISNI 0000 0001 2192 5801, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health (IPTSP), , Federal University of Goias, ; Goiânia, Brazil
[248
]GRID grid.440653.0, ISNI 0000 0000 9588 091X, Department of Epidemiology, , Binzhou Medical University, ; Yantai City, China
[249
]GRID grid.419408.0, ISNI 0000 0001 0943 388X, Medical Resources, , March of Dimes, ; Arlington, VA USA
[250
]GRID grid.268154.c, ISNI 0000 0001 2156 6140, Health Policy, Management and Leadership, , West Virginia University School of Public Health, ; Morgantown, WV USA
[251
]GRID grid.21107.35, ISNI 0000 0001 2171 9311, Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, , Johns Hopkins University, ; Baltimore, MD USA
[252
]GRID grid.411705.6, ISNI 0000 0001 0166 0922, School of Medicine, , Tehran University of Medical Sciences, ; Tehran, Iran
[253
]GRID grid.411705.6, ISNI 0000 0001 0166 0922, Department of Pharmacology, , Tehran University of Medical Sciences, ; Tehran, Iran
[254
]GRID grid.411600.2, Obesity Research Center, , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, ; Tehran, Iran
[256
]GRID grid.440564.7, ISNI 0000 0001 0415 4232, University Institute of Public Health, , The University of Lahore, ; Lahore, Pakistan
[257
]GRID grid.412888.f, ISNI 0000 0001 2174 8913, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ; Tabriz, Iran
[258
]GRID grid.411303.4, ISNI 0000 0001 2155 6022, Department of Zoology and Entomology, , Al Azhar University, ; Cairo, Egypt
[259
]GRID grid.1003.2, ISNI 0000 0000 9320 7537, Institute for Social Science Research, , The University of Queensland, ; Indooroopilly, Queensland Australia
[260
]GRID grid.1003.2, ISNI 0000 0000 9320 7537, ARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Families over the Life Course, , The University of Queensland, ; Indooroopilly, Queensland Australia
[261
]GRID grid.449862.5, Department of Healthcare Management, , Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, ; Maragheh, Iran
[262
]GRID grid.449862.5, Department of Microbiology, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, ; Maragheh, Iran
[263
]GRID grid.411705.6, ISNI 0000 0001 0166 0922, Department of Microbiology, , Tehran University of Medical Sciences, ; Tehran, Iran
[264
]GRID grid.411874.f, ISNI 0000 0004 0571 1549, Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, , Guilan University of Medical Sciences, ; Rasht, Iran
[265
]GRID grid.411874.f, ISNI 0000 0004 0571 1549, Caspian Digestive Disease Research Center, , Guilan University of Medical Sciences, ; Rasht, Iran
[266
]GRID grid.412888.f, ISNI 0000 0001 2174 8913, School of Nursing and Midwifery, , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ; Tabriz, Iran
[268
]GRID grid.411705.6, ISNI 0000 0001 0166 0922, School of Nursing and Midwifery, , Tehran University of Medical Sciences, ; Tehran, Iran
[269
]GRID grid.4991.5, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8948, Big Data Institute, , University of Oxford, ; Oxford, UK
[270
]GRID grid.4756.0, ISNI 0000 0001 2112 2291, School of Business, , London South Bank University, ; London, UK
[271
]GRID grid.412112.5, ISNI 0000 0001 2012 5829, Medical Biology Research Center, , Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, ; Kermanshah, Iran
[272
]GRID grid.411874.f, ISNI 0000 0004 0571 1549, Guilan Road Trauma Research Center, , Guilan University of Medical Sciences, ; Rasht, Iran
[273
]GRID grid.411639.8, ISNI 0000 0001 0571 5193, Centre for Bio Cultural Studies (CBiCS), , Manipal Academy of Higher Education, ; Manipal, India
[275
]GRID grid.411705.6, ISNI 0000 0001 0166 0922, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, , Tehran University of Medical Sciences, ; Tehran, Iran
[276
]GRID grid.411705.6, ISNI 0000 0001 0166 0922, Pediatric Chronic Kidney Disease Research Center, , Tehran University of Medical Sciences, ; Tehran, Iran
[277
]GRID grid.444918.4, ISNI 0000 0004 1794 7022, Institute of Research and Development, , Duy Tan University, ; Da Nang, Vietnam
[278
]GRID grid.472438.e, Department of Computer Science, , University of Human Development, ; Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
[279
]GRID grid.452146.0, ISNI 0000 0004 1789 3191, College of Science and Engineering, , Hamad Bin Khalifa University, ; Doha, Qatar
[280
]GRID grid.216417.7, ISNI 0000 0001 0379 7164, Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, , Central South University, ; Changsha, China
[281
]GRID grid.1013.3, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 834X, School of Public Health, , University of Sydney, ; Sydney, New South Wales Australia
[282
]GRID grid.414142.6, ISNI 0000 0004 0600 7174, Maternal and Child Health Division, , International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, ; Dhaka, Bangladesh
[283
]Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Shaikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan
Medical College, Lahore, Pakistan
[284
]GRID grid.9582.6, ISNI 0000 0004 1794 5983, Department of Community Medicine, , University of Ibadan, ; Ibadan, Nigeria
[285
]GRID grid.412438.8, ISNI 0000 0004 1764 5403, Department of Community Medicine, , University College Hospital, Ibadan, ; Ibadan, Nigeria
[286
]GRID grid.413004.2, ISNI 0000 0000 8615 0106, Department of Epidemiology, , University of Kragujevac, ; Kragujevac, Serbia
[288
]GRID grid.464829.5, ISNI 0000 0004 1793 6833, Division of Community Health and Family Medicine, , Bangalore Baptist Hospital, ; Bangalore, India
[289
]GRID grid.412896.0, ISNI 0000 0000 9337 0481, College of Public Health, , Taipei Medical University, ; Taipei, Taiwan
[290
]GRID grid.411600.2, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, ; Tehran, Iran
[291
]GRID grid.1021.2, ISNI 0000 0001 0526 7079, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, , Deakin University, ; Burwood, Victoria Australia
[292
]GRID grid.1013.3, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 834X, Sydney Medical School, , University of Sydney, ; Sydney, New South Wales Australia
[293
]GRID grid.1018.8, ISNI 0000 0001 2342 0938, School of Psychology and Public Health, , La Trobe University, ; Melbourne, Victoria Australia
[294
]GRID grid.415021.3, ISNI 0000 0000 9155 0024, South African Medical Research Council, ; Cape Town, South Africa
[295
]GRID grid.49697.35, ISNI 0000 0001 2107 2298, School of Health Systems and Public Health, , University of Pretoria, ; Pretoria, South Africa
[296
]GRID grid.412888.f, ISNI 0000 0001 2174 8913, Department of Immunology, , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ; Tabriz, Iran
[297
]GRID grid.411036.1, ISNI 0000 0001 1498 685X, Department of Immunology, , Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, ; Isfahan, Iran
[298
]GRID grid.411600.2, School of Management and Medical Education, , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, ; Tehran, Iran
[299
]GRID grid.411600.2, Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention Research Center, , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, ; Tehran, Iran
[300
]GRID grid.448878.f, ISNI 0000 0001 2288 8774, N. A. Semashko Department of Public Health and Healthcare, , I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, ; Moscow, Russia
[301
]GRID grid.413004.2, ISNI 0000 0000 8615 0106, Department of Global Health, Economics and Policy, , University of Kragujevac, ; Kragujevac, Serbia
[302
]GRID grid.412112.5, ISNI 0000 0001 2012 5829, Health Institute, , Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, ; Kermanshah, Iran
[303
]GRID grid.412112.5, ISNI 0000 0001 2012 5829, Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, , Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, ; Kermanshah, Iran
[304
]GRID grid.411623.3, ISNI 0000 0001 2227 0923, Department of Medical Mycology, , Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, ; Sari, Iran
[305
]GRID grid.411950.8, ISNI 0000 0004 0611 9280, Autism Spectrum Disorders Research Center, , Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, ; Hamadan, Iran
[307
]GRID grid.411639.8, ISNI 0000 0001 0571 5193, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, ; Manipal, India
[308
]GRID grid.448631.c, ISNI 0000 0004 5903 2808, Environmental Research Center, , Duke Kunshan University, ; Kunshan, China
[309
]GRID grid.26009.3d, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 7961, Nicholas School of the Environment, , Duke University, ; Durham, NC USA
[310
]GRID grid.464831.c, Renal and Cardiovascular Division, , The George Institute for Global Health, ; New Delhi, India
[311
]GRID grid.1005.4, ISNI 0000 0004 4902 0432, Department of Medicine, , University of New South Wales, ; Sydney, New South Wales Australia
[312
]GRID grid.107891.6, ISNI 0000 0001 1010 7301, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, , University of Opole, ; Opole, Poland
[313
]GRID grid.7872.a, ISNI 0000000123318773, School of Public Health, , University College Cork, ; Cork, Ireland
[314
]GRID grid.411746.1, ISNI 0000 0004 4911 7066, Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, , Iran University of Medical Sciences, ; Tehran, Iran
[315
]GRID grid.411747.0, ISNI 0000 0004 0418 0096, Infectious Diseases Research Center, , Golestan University of Medical Sciences, ; Gorgan, Iran
[316
]GRID grid.412888.f, ISNI 0000 0001 2174 8913, School of Management and Medical Informatics, , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ; Tabriz, Iran
[317
]GRID grid.412606.7, ISNI 0000 0004 0405 433X, Institute for Prevention of Non-communicable Diseases, , Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, ; Qazvin, Iran
[318
]GRID grid.412606.7, ISNI 0000 0004 0405 433X, Health Services Management Department, , Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, ; Qazvin, Iran
[319
]GRID grid.449433.d, ISNI 0000 0004 4907 7957, Department of Pharmacy, , Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, ; Upper Dir, Pakistan
[320
]GRID grid.16821.3c, ISNI 0000 0004 0368 8293, School of Pharmacy, , Shanghai Jiao Tong University, ; Shanghai, China
[321
]GRID grid.413618.9, ISNI 0000 0004 1767 6103, Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, , All India Institute of Medical Sciences, ; Jodhpur, India
[322
]GRID grid.411950.8, ISNI 0000 0004 0611 9280, Department of Epidemiology, , Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, ; Hamadan, Iran
[323
]GRID grid.5949.1, ISNI 0000 0001 2172 9288, Institute for Epidemiology and Social Medicine, , University of Münster, ; Münster, Germany
[324
]GRID grid.412888.f, ISNI 0000 0001 2174 8913, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ; Tabriz, Iran
[325
]GRID grid.421160.0, International Research Center of Excellence, , Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, ; Abuja, Nigeria
[326
]GRID grid.5477.1, ISNI 0000000120346234, Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, , Utrecht University, ; Utrecht, The Netherlands
[327
]GRID grid.10604.33, ISNI 0000 0001 2019 0495, Open, Distance and eLearning Campus, , University of Nairobi, ; Nairobi, Kenya
[328
]GRID grid.37553.37, ISNI 0000 0001 0097 5797, Department of Public Health, , Jordan University of Science and Technology, ; Irbid, Jordan
[329
]GRID grid.411230.5, ISNI 0000 0000 9296 6873, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, , Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, ; Ahvaz, Iran
[330
]GRID grid.488433.0, ISNI 0000 0004 0612 8339, Health Promotion Research Center, , Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, ; Zahedan, Iran
[331
]GRID grid.413120.5, ISNI 0000 0004 0459 2250, Department of Internal Medicine, , John H. Stroger, Jr Hospital of Cook County, ; Chicago, IL USA
[332
]GRID grid.412080.f, ISNI 0000 0000 9363 9292, Department of Internal Medicine, , Dow University of Health Sciences, ; Karachi, Pakistan
[333
]GRID grid.413930.c, ISNI 0000 0004 0606 8575, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, , Health Services Academy, ; Islamabad, Pakistan
[334
]GRID grid.419349.2, ISNI 0000 0001 0613 2600, Department of Population Studies, , International Institute for Population Sciences, ; Mumbai, India
[335
]GRID grid.443076.2, ISNI 0000 0004 4684 062X, Department of Population Science, , Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University, ; Mymensingh, Bangladesh
[336
]GRID grid.5884.1, ISNI 0000 0001 0303 540X, Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, , Sheffield Hallam University, ; Sheffield, UK
[337
]GRID grid.20627.31, ISNI 0000 0001 0668 7841, College of Arts and Sciences, , Ohio University, ; Zanesville, OH USA
[338
]GRID grid.7776.1, ISNI 0000 0004 0639 9286, Department of Medical Parasitology, , Cairo University, ; Cairo, Egypt
[339
]GRID grid.413489.3, ISNI 0000 0004 1793 8759, Global Evidence Synthesis Initiative, , Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, ; Wardha, India
[341
]GRID grid.413282.e, ISNI 0000 0001 1016 0153, The Iranian Academy of Medical Sciences, ; Tehran, Iran
[342
]GRID grid.411950.8, ISNI 0000 0004 0611 9280, Department of Neurology, , Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, ; Hamadan, Iran
[343
]GRID grid.415814.d, ISNI 0000 0004 0612 272X, Deputy for Public Health, , Ministry of Health and Medical Education, ; Tehran, Iran
[344
]GRID grid.411705.6, ISNI 0000 0001 0166 0922, Health Equity Research Center, , Tehran University of Medical Sciences, ; Tehran, Iran
[345
]GRID grid.24805.3b, ISNI 0000 0001 0687 2182, Department of Public Health, , New Mexico State University, ; Las Cruces, NM USA
[346
]GRID grid.412112.5, ISNI 0000 0001 2012 5829, Department of Public Health, , Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, ; Kermanshah, Iran
[347
]GRID grid.503008.e, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, , Xiamen University Malaysia, ; Sepang, Malaysia
[348
]GRID grid.28203.3b, ISNI 0000 0004 0378 6053, Department of Nutrition, , Simmons University, ; Boston, MA USA
[349
]GRID grid.457625.7, ISNI 0000 0004 0383 3497, School of Health Sciences, , Kristiania University College, ; Oslo, Norway
[350
]GRID grid.265219.b, ISNI 0000 0001 2217 8588, Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, , Tulane University, ; New Orleans, LA USA
[352
]GRID grid.427581.d, ISNI 0000 0004 0439 588X, Department of Public Health, , Ambo University, ; Ambo, Ethiopia
[353
]GRID grid.411950.8, ISNI 0000 0004 0611 9280, Neurophysiology Research Center, , Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, ; Hamadan, Iran
[354
]GRID grid.418744.a, ISNI 0000 0000 8841 7951, Brain Engineering Research Center, , Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, ; Tehran, Iran
[356
]GRID grid.414739.c, ISNI 0000 0001 0174 2901, Department of Internal and Pulmonary Medicine, , Sheri Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, ; Srinagar, India
[358
]GRID grid.425902.8, ISNI 0000 0000 9601 989X, Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), ; Barcelona, Spain
[359
]GRID grid.4991.5, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8948, Department of Zoology, , University of Oxford, ; Oxford, UK
[360
]GRID grid.38142.3c, ISNI 000000041936754X, Harvard Medical School, , Harvard University, ; Boston, MA USA
[361
]GRID grid.261674.0, ISNI 0000 0001 2174 5640, Department of Anthropology, , Panjab University, ; Chandigarh, India
[362
]GRID grid.14848.31, ISNI 0000 0001 2292 3357, Department of Demography, , University of Montreal, ; Montreal, Quebec Canada
[363
]GRID grid.14848.31, ISNI 0000 0001 2292 3357, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, , University of Montreal, ; Montreal, Quebec Canada
[364
]GRID grid.10604.33, ISNI 0000 0001 2019 0495, Department of Psychiatry, , University of Nairobi, ; Nairobi, Kenya
[365
]GRID grid.83440.3b, ISNI 0000000121901201, Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, , University College London, ; London, UK
[366
]GRID grid.419349.2, ISNI 0000 0001 0613 2600, International Institute for Population Sciences, ; Mumbai, India
[367
]GRID grid.7445.2, ISNI 0000 0001 2113 8111, Imperial College Business School, , Imperial College London, ; London, UK
[368
]GRID grid.9581.5, ISNI 0000000120191471, Faculty of Public Health, , University of Indonesia, ; Depok, Indonesia
[369
]GRID grid.4708.b, ISNI 0000 0004 1757 2822, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, , University of Milan, ; Milan, Italy
[370
]GRID grid.4991.5, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8948, Nuffield Department of Population Health, , University of Oxford, ; Oxford, UK
[371
]GRID grid.411705.6, ISNI 0000 0001 0166 0922, National Institute of Health Research (NIHR), , Tehran University of Medical Sciences, ; Tehran, Iran
[372
]GRID grid.415131.3, ISNI 0000 0004 1767 2903, Department of Pediatrics, , Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, ; Chandigarh, India
[373
]GRID grid.452345.1, ISNI 0000 0004 4660 2031, Department of Essential Medicines and Health Products, , Clinton Health Access Initiative, ; Boston, MA USA
[374
]GRID grid.411498.1, ISNI 0000 0001 2108 8169, Department of Community and Family Medicine, , University of Baghdad, ; Baghdad, Iraq
[377
]GRID grid.414767.7, ISNI 0000 0004 1765 9143, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, , Father Muller Medical College, ; Mangalore, India
[379
]GRID grid.452879.5, ISNI 0000 0004 0647 0003, School of Pharmacy, , Taylor’s University Lakeside Campus, ; Subang Jaya, Malaysia
[380
]GRID grid.16890.36, ISNI 0000 0004 1764 6123, School of Nursing, , Hong Kong Polytechnic University, ; Hong Kong, China
[381
]GRID grid.494633.f, ISNI 0000 0004 4901 9060, School of Public Health, , Wolaita Sodo University, ; Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
[382
]GRID grid.1002.3, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 7857, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, , Monash University, ; Melbourne, Victoria Australia
[383
]GRID grid.198530.6, ISNI 0000 0000 8803 2373, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, ; Beijing, China
[384
]GRID grid.19006.3e, ISNI 0000 0000 9632 6718, David Geffen School of Medicine, , University of California Los Angeles, ; Los Angeles, CA USA
[385
]Center for Integration of Data and Health Knowledge, Oswald Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ),
Salvador, Brazil
[386
]GRID grid.8991.9, ISNI 0000 0004 0425 469X, Centre for Global Mental Health (CGMH), , London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, ; London, UK
[387
]GRID grid.415021.3, ISNI 0000 0000 9155 0024, Grants, Innovation and Product Development Unit, , South African Medical Research Council, ; Cape Town, South Africa
[388
]GRID grid.412763.5, ISNI 0000 0004 0442 8645, Department of Public Health, , Urmia University of Medical Science, ; Urmia, Iran
[389
]GRID grid.80817.36, ISNI 0000 0001 2114 6728, Department of Clinical Physiology, , Tribhuvan University, ; Kathmandu, Nepal
[390
]GRID grid.418280.7, ISNI 0000 0004 1794 3160, Department of Forensic Medicine, , Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, ; Dharwad, India
[391
]Department of Forensic Medicine, Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara University, Dharwad,
India
[392
]GRID grid.412112.5, ISNI 0000 0001 2012 5829, Clinical Research Development Center, , Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, ; Kermanshah, Iran
[393
]GRID grid.19003.3b, ISNI 0000 0000 9429 752X, Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, , Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, ; Roorkee, India
[394
]GRID grid.419349.2, ISNI 0000 0001 0613 2600, Department of Development Studies, , International Institute for Population Sciences, ; Mumbai, India
[395
]GRID grid.8430.f, ISNI 0000 0001 2181 4888, Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health, , Federal University of Minas Gerais, ; Belo Horizonte, Brazil
[396
]GRID grid.411746.1, ISNI 0000 0004 4911 7066, Department of Health Education and Promotion, , Iran University of Medical Sciences, ; Tehran, Iran
[397
]Campus Caucaia, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Ceará, Caucaia,
Brazil
[398
]GRID grid.472235.5, ISNI 0000 0004 0463 6313, Faculty of Health and Education, , Botho University-Botswana, ; Gaborone, Botswana
[399
]GRID grid.420806.8, ISNI 0000 0000 9697 6104, ICF International, DHS Program, ; Rockville, MD USA
[401
]Department of Neurology, Govind Ballabh Institute of Medical Education and Research,
New Delhi, India
[402
]GRID grid.411746.1, ISNI 0000 0004 4911 7066, Nutrition Health Research Center, , Iran University of Medical Sciences, ; Hamadan, Iran
[403
]GRID grid.266102.1, ISNI 0000 0001 2297 6811, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, , University of California San Francisco, ; San Francisco, CA USA
[404
]GRID grid.411024.2, ISNI 0000 0001 2175 4264, Institute of Human Virology, , University of Maryland, ; Baltimore, MD USA
[406
]GRID grid.411975.f, ISNI 0000 0004 0607 035X, Forensic Medicine Division, , Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, ; Dammam, Saudi Arabia
[407
]GRID grid.472243.4, ISNI 0000 0004 1783 9494, Department of Midwifery, , Adigrat University, ; Adigrat, Ethiopia
[408
]GRID grid.442845.b, ISNI 0000 0004 0439 5951, Department of Reproductive Health and Population Studies, , Bahir Dar University, ; Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
[410
]GRID grid.502995.2, ISNI 0000 0004 4651 2415, University Centre Varazdin, , University North, ; Varazdin, Croatia
[411
]GRID grid.442845.b, ISNI 0000 0004 0439 5951, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, , Bahir Dar University, ; Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
[412
]GRID grid.25073.33, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8227, Department of Health Research Methods, , Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, ; Hamilton, Ontario Canada
[413
]GRID grid.1012.2, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 7910, Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, , University of Western Australia, ; Perth, Western Australia Australia
[414
]GRID grid.411495.c, ISNI 0000 0004 0421 4102, Fatemeh Zahra Infertility and Reproductive Health Center, , Babol University of Medical Sciences, ; Babol, Iran
[415
]GRID grid.444253.0, ISNI 0000 0004 0382 8137, Internal Medicine Programme, , Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, ; Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
[416
]Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, National Center of Cardiology
and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
[417
]GRID grid.411746.1, ISNI 0000 0004 4911 7066, Comprehensive Research Laboratory, , Iran University of Medical Sciences, ; Tehran, Iran
[418
]GRID grid.411705.6, ISNI 0000 0001 0166 0922, Water Quality Research Center, , Tehran University of Medical Sciences, ; Tehran, Iran
[419
]GRID grid.412112.5, ISNI 0000 0001 2012 5829, Department of Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, , Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, ; Kermanshah, Iran
[420
]GRID grid.411705.6, ISNI 0000 0001 0166 0922, Department of Medical Immunology, , Tehran University of Medical Sciences, ; Tehran, Iran
[421
]GRID grid.444768.d, ISNI 0000 0004 0612 1049, Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, , Kashan University of Medical Sciences, ; Kashan, Iran
[422
]GRID grid.448814.5, ISNI 0000 0001 0744 4876, Institute of Addiction Research (ISFF), , Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences, ; Frankfurt, Germany
[423
]GRID grid.412888.f, ISNI 0000 0001 2174 8913, Biotechnology Research Center, , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ; Tabriz, Iran
[424
]GRID grid.412888.f, ISNI 0000 0001 2174 8913, Molecular Medicine Research Center, , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ; Tabriz, Iran
[426
]GRID grid.4714.6, ISNI 0000 0004 1937 0626, Department of Medicine-Huddinge, , Karolinska Institute, ; Stockholm, Sweden
[427
]GRID grid.56302.32, ISNI 0000 0004 1773 5396, Internal Medicine Department, , King Saud University, ; Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
[429
]GRID grid.411950.8, ISNI 0000 0004 0611 9280, Department of Biostatistics, , Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, ; Hamadan, Iran
[430
]GRID grid.440801.9, ISNI 0000 0004 0384 8883, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, , Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, ; Shahrekord, Iran
[431
]GRID grid.411583.a, ISNI 0000 0001 2198 6209, Department of Nursing, , Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, ; Mashhad, Iran
[432
]GRID grid.411225.1, ISNI 0000 0004 1937 1493, Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, , Ahmadu Bello University, ; Zaria, Nigeria
[433
]GRID grid.192267.9, ISNI 0000 0001 0108 7468, School of Pharmacy, , Haramaya University, ; Harar, Ethiopia
[434
]GRID grid.449080.1, ISNI 0000 0004 0455 6591, Department of Public Health, , Dire Dawa University, ; Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
[435
]Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for
Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy
[436
]GRID grid.419420.a, ISNI 0000 0000 8676 7464, Department of Molecular Medicine, , National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, ; Tehran, Iran
[437
]GRID grid.411623.3, ISNI 0000 0001 2227 0923, Health Sciences Research Center, , Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, ; Sari, Iran
[438
]GRID grid.484406.a, ISNI 0000 0004 0417 6812, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, , Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, ; Sanandaj, Iran
[439
]GRID grid.484406.a, ISNI 0000 0004 0417 6812, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, , Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, ; Sanandaj, Iran
[440
]National Center for Health Insurance Research, Iran Health Insurance Organization,
Tehran, Iran
[441
]GRID grid.45672.32, ISNI 0000 0001 1926 5090, Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, , King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, ; Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
[442
]GRID grid.411495.c, ISNI 0000 0004 0421 4102, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, , Babol University of Medical Sciences, ; Babol, Iran
[443
]GRID grid.412266.5, ISNI 0000 0001 1781 3962, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, , Tarbiat Modares University, ; Tehran, Iran
[444
]GRID grid.411087.b, ISNI 0000 0001 0723 2494, Department of Food Science, , University of Campinas (Unicamp), ; Campinas, Brazil
[445
]GRID grid.506146.0, ISNI 0000 0000 9445 5866, Federal Institute for Population Research, ; Wiesbaden, Germany
[447
]GRID grid.415361.4, ISNI 0000 0004 1761 0198, Indian Institute of Public Health, , Public Health Foundation of India, ; Hyderabad, India
[448
]GRID grid.30820.39, ISNI 0000 0001 1539 8988, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, , Mekelle University, ; Mekelle, Ethiopia
[449
]Research and Analytics Department, Initiative for Financing Health and Human Development,
Chennai, India
[452
]GRID grid.415857.a, ISNI 0000 0001 0668 6654, Department for the Control of Disease, , Epidemics, and Pandemics, Ministry of Public Health, ; Yaoundé, Cameroon
[453
]GRID grid.412661.6, ISNI 0000 0001 2173 8504, Department of Public Heath, , University of Yaoundé I, ; Yaoundé, Cameroon
[454
]GRID grid.411639.8, ISNI 0000 0001 0571 5193, Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, , Manipal Academy of Higher Education, ; Manipal, India
[455
]GRID grid.468130.8, ISNI 0000 0001 1218 604X, Department of Pediatrics, , Arak University of Medical Sciences, ; Arak, Iran
[456
]GRID grid.415021.3, ISNI 0000 0000 9155 0024, Cochrane South Africa, , South African Medical Research Council, ; Cape Town, South Africa
[457
]GRID grid.8194.4, ISNI 0000 0000 9828 7548, Department of General Surgery, , Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, ; Bucharest, Romania
[459
]GRID grid.494614.a, ISNI 0000 0004 5946 6665, Department of Biological Sciences, , University of Embu, ; Embu, Kenya
[460
]GRID grid.444918.4, ISNI 0000 0004 1794 7022, Institute for Global Health Innovations, , Duy Tan University, ; Da Nang, Vietnam
[461
]GRID grid.473736.2, ISNI 0000 0004 4659 3737, Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, , Nguyen Tat Thanh University, ; Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
[462
]GRID grid.155956.b, ISNI 0000 0000 8793 5925, Institute for Mental Health and Policy, , Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ; Ontario, Canada
[463
]GRID grid.418647.8, ISNI 0000 0000 8849 1617, Department of Clinical Epidemiology, , Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, ; Ottawa, Ontario Canada
[464
]GRID grid.411705.6, ISNI 0000 0001 0166 0922, Department of Pharmacoeconomics and Pharmaceutical Administration, , Tehran University of Medical Sciences, ; Tehran, Iran
[465
]GRID grid.412237.1, ISNI 0000 0004 0385 452X, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, ; Bandar Abbas, Iran
[466
]GRID grid.444273.2, ISNI 0000 0000 9769 8951, Public Health Department, , Universitas Negeri Semarang, ; Kota Semarang, Indonesia
[467
]GRID grid.412896.0, ISNI 0000 0000 9337 0481, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, , Taipei Medical University, ; Taipei, Taiwan
[468
]GRID grid.7836.a, ISNI 0000 0004 1937 1151, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, , University of Cape Town, ; Cape Town, South Africa
[469
]GRID grid.289247.2, ISNI 0000 0001 2171 7818, Department of Preventive Medicine, , Kyung Hee University, ; Dongdaemun-gu, South Korea
[470
]GRID grid.411747.0, ISNI 0000 0004 0418 0096, Gorgan Congenital Malformations Research Center, , Golestan University of Medical Sciences, ; Gorgan, Iran
[471
]GRID grid.25073.33, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8227, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, , McMaster University, Hamilton, ; Ontario, Canada
[472
]GRID grid.411782.9, ISNI 0000 0004 1803 1817, Department of Psychiatry, , University of Lagos, ; Lagos, Nigeria
[474
]GRID grid.472438.e, Diplomacy and Public Relations Department, , University of Human Development, ; Sulaimaniyah, Iraq
[475
]GRID grid.449426.9, ISNI 0000 0004 1783 7069, Department of Public Health, , Jigjiga University, ; Jijiga, Ethiopia
[476
]GRID grid.10757.34, ISNI 0000 0001 2108 8257, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, , University of Nigeria Nsukka, ; Enugu, Nigeria
[477
]GRID grid.9582.6, ISNI 0000 0004 1794 5983, Department of Medicine, , University of Ibadan, ; Ibadan, Nigeria
[478
]GRID grid.412438.8, ISNI 0000 0004 1764 5403, Department of Medicine, , University College Hospital, Ibadan, ; Ibadan, Nigeria
[479
]Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara Academy of Health
Education and Research, Mysore, India
[480
]GRID grid.411639.8, ISNI 0000 0001 0571 5193, Department of Forensic Medicine, , Manipal Academy of Higher Education, ; Mangalore, India
[481
]GRID grid.412571.4, ISNI 0000 0000 8819 4698, Department of Parasitology and Mycology, , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, ; Shiraz, Iran
[483
]GRID grid.415361.4, ISNI 0000 0004 1761 0198, Department of Research, , Public Health Foundation of India, ; Gurugram, India
[484
]GRID grid.415771.1, ISNI 0000 0004 1773 4764, Infectious Disease Research Center, , National Institute of Public Health, ; Cuernavaca, Mexico
[485
]GRID grid.484406.a, ISNI 0000 0004 0417 6812, Environmental Health Research Center, , Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, ; Sanandaj, Iran
[486
]GRID grid.412689.0, ISNI 0000 0001 0650 7433, Division of General Internal Medicine, , University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, ; Pittsburgh, PA USA
[488
]GRID grid.1008.9, ISNI 0000 0001 2179 088X, Department of Pediatrics, , University of Melbourne, ; Melbourne, Victoria Australia
[489
]GRID grid.1058.c, ISNI 0000 0000 9442 535X, Population Health Theme, , Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, ; Melbourne, Victoria Australia
[490
]GRID grid.411746.1, ISNI 0000 0004 4911 7066, Department of Physiology, , Iran University of Medical Sciences, ; Tehran, Iran
[491
]GRID grid.411746.1, ISNI 0000 0004 4911 7066, Physiology Research Center, , Iran University of Medical Sciences, ; Tehran, Iran
[492
]GRID grid.443223.0, ISNI 0000 0004 1937 1370, Center for Research and Innovation, , Ateneo De Manila University, ; Pasig City, The Philippines
[493
]GRID grid.5734.5, ISNI 0000 0001 0726 5157, Department of Cardiology, , University of Bern, ; Bern, Switzerland
[494
]GRID grid.8954.0, ISNI 0000 0001 0721 6013, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, , University of Ljubljana, ; Ljubljana, Slovenia
[495
]GRID grid.4830.f, ISNI 0000 0004 0407 1981, University Medical Center Groningen, , University of Groningen, ; Groningen, The Netherlands
[496
]GRID grid.4830.f, ISNI 0000 0004 0407 1981, School of Economics and Business, , University of Groningen, ; Groningen, The Netherlands
[497
]GRID grid.449862.5, Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, , Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, ; Maragheh, Iran
[498
]GRID grid.411705.6, ISNI 0000 0001 0166 0922, Dietary Supplements and Probiotic Research Center, , Alborz University of Medical Sciences, ; Karaj, Iran
[499
]GRID grid.17091.3e, ISNI 0000 0001 2288 9830, School of Population and Public Health, , University of British Columbia, ; Vancouver, British Columbia Canada
[500
]GRID grid.412112.5, ISNI 0000 0001 2012 5829, Department of Emergency Medicine, , Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, ; Kermanshah, Iran
[501
]GRID grid.477264.4, Clinical Research Center, , Valle del Lili Foundation (Centro de Investigaciones Clinicas, Fundación Valle del
Lili), ; Cali, Colombia
[502
]GRID grid.440787.8, ISNI 0000 0000 9702 069X, PROESA, ICESI University (Centro PROESA, , Universidad ICESI), ; Cali, Colombia
[504
]GRID grid.413489.3, ISNI 0000 0004 1793 8759, Department of Community Medicine, , Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, ; Wardha, India
[505
]GRID grid.412553.4, ISNI 0000 0001 0740 9747, Department of Chemistry, , Sharif University of Technology, ; Tehran, Iran
[506
]GRID grid.411368.9, ISNI 0000 0004 0611 6995, Biomedical Engineering Department, , Amirkabir University of Technology, ; Tehran, Iran
[507
]GRID grid.170430.1, ISNI 0000 0001 2159 2859, College of Medicine, , University of Central Florida, ; Orlando, FL USA
[508
]GRID grid.411623.3, ISNI 0000 0001 2227 0923, Department of Immunology, , Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, ; Sari, Iran
[509
]GRID grid.411623.3, ISNI 0000 0001 2227 0923, Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, , Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, ; Sari, Iran
[510
]GRID grid.411230.5, ISNI 0000 0000 9296 6873, Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, , Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, ; Ahvaz, Iran
[511
]GRID grid.411705.6, ISNI 0000 0001 0166 0922, Metabolomics and Genomics Research Center, , Tehran University of Medical Sciences, ; Tehran, Iran
[512
]GRID grid.59547.3a, ISNI 0000 0000 8539 4635, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, , University of Gondar, ; Gondar, Ethiopia
[513
]GRID grid.411600.2, Department of Pharmacology, , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, ; Tehran, Iran
[515
]Health and Public Policy Department, Global Center for Research and Development, Kathmandu,
Nepal
[517
]GRID grid.8399.b, ISNI 0000 0004 0372 8259, Institute of Collective Health, , Federal University of Bahia, ; Salvador, Brazil
[518
]GRID grid.411639.8, ISNI 0000 0001 0571 5193, Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, , Manipal Academy of Higher Education, ; Mangalore, India
[519
]GRID grid.411639.8, ISNI 0000 0001 0571 5193, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, , Manipal Academy of Higher Education, ; Manipal, India
[520
]GRID grid.271308.f, ISNI 0000 0004 5909 016X, Academic Public Health England, Public Health England, ; London, UK
[521
]GRID grid.7445.2, ISNI 0000 0001 2113 8111, WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training, , Imperial College London, ; London, UK
[522
]GRID grid.439749.4, ISNI 0000 0004 0612 2754, University College London Hospitals, ; London, UK
[523
]School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQ University, Sydney, New South Wales
Australia
[524
]GRID grid.189504.1, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 7558, Department of Computer Science, , Boston University, ; Boston, MA USA
[525
]GRID grid.419349.2, ISNI 0000 0001 0613 2600, Department of Mathematical Demography & Statistics, , International Institute for Population Sciences, ; Mumbai, India
[526
]GRID grid.459866.0, ISNI 0000 0004 0398 3129, School of Nursing and Midwifery, , Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland - Bahrain, ; Muharraq Governorate, Bahrain
[527
]GRID grid.1029.a, ISNI 0000 0000 9939 5719, School of Social Sciences and Psychology, , Western Sydney University, ; Penrith, New South Wales Australia
[528
]GRID grid.1029.a, ISNI 0000 0000 9939 5719, Translational Health Research Institute, , Western Sydney University, ; Penrith, New South Wales Australia
[529
]GRID grid.411639.8, ISNI 0000 0001 0571 5193, Department of Health Information Management, , Manipal Academy of Higher Education, ; Manipal, India
[530
]GRID grid.49697.35, ISNI 0000 0001 2107 2298, Department of Medical Microbiology, , University of Pretoria, ; Pretoria, South Africa
[531
]Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific
Education and Research Network (USAERN), Tehran, Iran
[532
]GRID grid.411623.3, ISNI 0000 0001 2227 0923, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Center, , Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, ; Sari, Iran
[533
]GRID grid.411701.2, ISNI 0000 0004 0417 4622, Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, , Birjand University of Medical Sciences, ; Birjand, Iran
[534
]GRID grid.5808.5, ISNI 0000 0001 1503 7226, Epidemiology Research Unit Institute of Public Health (EPIUnit-ISPUP), , University of Porto, ; Porto, Portugal
[535
]GRID grid.17635.36, ISNI 0000000419368657, Department of Surgery, , University of Minnesota, ; Minneapolis, MN USA
[536
]GRID grid.418074.e, ISNI 0000 0004 0647 8603, Department of Surgery, , University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, ; Kigali, Rwanda
[537
]Research Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, National University of Caaguazu,
Coronel Oviedo, Paraguay
[539
]GRID grid.411284.a, ISNI 0000 0004 4647 6936, Department of Clinical Research, , Federal University of Uberlândia, ; Uberlândia, Brazil
[540
]GRID grid.411924.b, ISNI 0000 0004 0611 9205, School of Medicine, , Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, ; Gonabad, Iran
[541
]GRID grid.11450.31, ISNI 0000 0001 2097 9138, Department of Biomedical Sciences, , University of Sassari, ; Sassari, Italy
[542
]GRID grid.7621.2, ISNI 0000 0004 0635 5486, Department of Internal Medicine, , University of Botswana, ; Gaborone, Botswana
[543
]GRID grid.239578.2, ISNI 0000 0001 0675 4725, Heart and Vascular Institute, , Cleveland Clinic, ; Cleveland, OH USA
[544
]GRID grid.66875.3a, ISNI 0000 0004 0459 167X, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, , Mayo Clinic, ; Rochester, MN USA
[545
]GRID grid.411600.2, Department of Epidemiology, , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, ; Tehran, Iran
[546
]GRID grid.413618.9, ISNI 0000 0004 1767 6103, Department of Psychiatry, , All India Institute of Medical Sciences, ; New Delhi, India
[547
]Halal Research Center of IRI, Food and Drug Administration of the Islamic Republic
of Iran, Tehran, Iran
[548
]GRID grid.411583.a, ISNI 0000 0001 2198 6209, Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, , Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, ; Mashhad, Iran
[549
]GRID grid.449301.b, ISNI 0000 0004 6085 5449, Department of Phytochemistry, , Soran University, ; Soran, Iraq
[550
]GRID grid.472236.6, ISNI 0000 0004 1784 8702, Department of Nutrition, , Cihan University-Erbil, ; Erbil, Iraq
[551
]GRID grid.412112.5, ISNI 0000 0001 2012 5829, Department of Anatomical Sciences, , Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, ; Kermanshah, Iran
[552
]GRID grid.428366.d, ISNI 0000 0004 1773 9952, Department of Microbiology, , Central University of Punjab, ; Bathinda, India
[553
]GRID grid.7776.1, ISNI 0000 0004 0639 9286, Urology Department, , Cairo University, ; Cairo, Egypt
[554
]GRID grid.7776.1, ISNI 0000 0004 0639 9286, Public Health and Community Medicine Department, , Cairo University, ; Giza, Egypt
[555
]GRID grid.168010.e, ISNI 0000000419368956, Center for Health Policy & Center for Primary Care and Outcomes Research, , Stanford University, ; Stanford, CA USA
[556
]GRID grid.7269.a, ISNI 0000 0004 0621 1570, Department of Entomology, , Ain Shams University, ; Cairo, Egypt
[557
]GRID grid.415349.e, ISNI 0000 0004 0505 3013, Department of Community Medicine, , PSG Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, ; Coimbatore, India
[559
]GRID grid.442162.7, ISNI 0000 0000 8891 6208, Department of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, , University of Applied and Environmental Sciences, ; Bogota, Colombia
[560
]GRID grid.413448.e, ISNI 0000 0000 9314 1427, National School of Public Health, , Carlos III Health Institute, ; Madrid, Spain
[561
]GRID grid.415481.d, ISNI 0000 0004 1767 1900, Department of Community Medicine, , Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Medical College, ; Indore, India
[562
]GRID grid.8991.9, ISNI 0000 0004 0425 469X, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, , London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, ; London, UK
[563
]GRID grid.411746.1, ISNI 0000 0004 4911 7066, Colorectal Research Center, , Iran University of Medical Sciences, ; Tehran, Iran
[564
]GRID grid.413548.f, ISNI 0000 0004 0571 546X, Department of Geriatrics and Long Term Care, , Hamad Medical Corporation, ; Doha, Qatar
[565
]GRID grid.17236.31, ISNI 0000 0001 0728 4630, Faculty of Health & Social Sciences, , Bournemouth University, ; Bournemouth, UK
[566
]GRID grid.25073.33, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8227, Population Health Research Institute, , McMaster University, ; Hamilton, Ontario Canada
[567
]GRID grid.265892.2, ISNI 0000000106344187, Department of Psychology, , University of Alabama at Birmingham, ; Birmingham, AL USA
[569
]GRID grid.1006.7, ISNI 0000 0001 0462 7212, Population Health Sciences Institute, , Newcastle University, ; Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
[570
]GRID grid.411746.1, ISNI 0000 0004 4911 7066, Department of Health Services Management, , Iran University of Medical Sciences, ; Tehran, Iran
[571
]GRID grid.412571.4, ISNI 0000 0000 8819 4698, Health Policy Research Center, , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, ; Shiraz, Iran
[572
]GRID grid.11942.3f, ISNI 0000 0004 0631 5695, Public Health Division, , An-Najah National University, ; Nablus, Palestine
[574
]GRID grid.7269.a, ISNI 0000 0004 0621 1570, Neurology Department, , Ain Shams University, ; Cairo, Egypt
[575
]GRID grid.411705.6, ISNI 0000 0001 0166 0922, School of Medicine, , Alborz University of Medical Sciences, ; Karaj, Iran
[576
]GRID grid.412112.5, ISNI 0000 0001 2012 5829, Department of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, , Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, ; Kermanshah, Iran
[577
]GRID grid.412442.5, ISNI 0000 0000 9477 7523, Faculty of Caring Science, Work Life and Social Welfare, , University of Borås, ; Borås, Sweden
[578
]GRID grid.412105.3, ISNI 0000 0001 2092 9755, HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance,
, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, ; Kerman, Iran
[579
]GRID grid.4305.2, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 7988, Centre for Medical Informatics, , University of Edinburgh, ; Edinburgh, UK
[580
]GRID grid.38142.3c, ISNI 000000041936754X, Division of General Internal Medicine, , Harvard University, ; Boston, MA USA
[581
]GRID grid.411746.1, ISNI 0000 0004 4911 7066, Health Information Management, , Iran University of Medical Sciences, ; Tehran, Iran
[582
]GRID grid.411639.8, ISNI 0000 0001 0571 5193, Department of Community Medicine, , Manipal Academy of Higher Education, ; Manipal, India
[583
]GRID grid.410795.e, ISNI 0000 0001 2220 1880, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, ; Tokyo, Japan
[584
]GRID grid.15444.30, ISNI 0000 0004 0470 5454, College of Medicine, , Yonsei University, ; Seoul, South Korea
[585
]GRID grid.411705.6, ISNI 0000 0001 0166 0922, Cancer Research Institute, , Tehran University of Medical Sciences, ; Tehran, Iran
[586
]GRID grid.411705.6, ISNI 0000 0001 0166 0922, Cancer Biology Research Center, , Tehran University of Medical Sciences, ; Tehran, Iran
[587
]GRID grid.412112.5, ISNI 0000 0001 2012 5829, Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, , Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, ; Kermanshah, Iran
[588
]GRID grid.117476.2, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 7611, School of Health, , University of Technology Sydney, ; Sydney, New South Wales Australia
[589
]GRID grid.412080.f, ISNI 0000 0000 9363 9292, Department of Medicine, , Dow University of Health Sciences, ; Karachi, Pakistan
[590
]GRID grid.253615.6, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 9510, Department of Dermatology, , George Washington University, ; Washington, DC USA
[591
]GRID grid.47422.37, ISNI 0000 0001 0724 3038, Department of Law, Economics, Management and Quantitative Methods, , University of Sannio, ; Benevento, Italy
[593
]GRID grid.265892.2, ISNI 0000000106344187, School of Medicine, , University of Alabama at Birmingham, ; Birmingham, AL USA
[596
]GRID grid.452712.7, ISNI 0000 0004 1760 4062, Department of Epidemiology, , Healis Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, ; Mumbai, India
[598
]GRID grid.486769.2, ISNI 0000 0004 0384 8779, Nursing Care Research Center, , Semnan University of Medical Sciences, ; Semnan, Iran
[599
]GRID grid.445504.4, ISNI 0000 0004 0529 6576, Department of Infectious Diseases, , Kharkiv National Medical University, ; Kharkiv, Ukraine
[600
]GRID grid.9481.4, ISNI 0000 0004 0412 8669, Hull York Medical School, , University of Hull, ; Hull, UK
[601
]GRID grid.412888.f, ISNI 0000 0001 2174 8913, Department of Parasitology and Mycology, , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ; Tabriz, Iran
[602
]GRID grid.411729.8, ISNI 0000 0000 8946 5787, Division of Community Medicine, , International Medical University, ; Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
[603
]GRID grid.444490.9, ISNI 0000 0000 8731 0765, Nursing, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, ; Surakarta, Indonesia
[604
]GRID grid.411225.1, ISNI 0000 0004 1937 1493, Department of Community Medicine, , Ahmadu Bello University, ; Zaria, Nigeria
[605
]GRID grid.1008.9, ISNI 0000 0001 2179 088X, Department of Agriculture and Food Systems, , University of Melbourne, ; Melbourne, Victoria Australia
[606
]GRID grid.411780.b, ISNI 0000 0001 0683 3327, Department of Statistics, , Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, ; Abishekapatti, India
[607
]GRID grid.19096.37, ISNI 0000 0004 1767 225X, National Institute of Epidemiology, , Indian Council of Medical Research, ; Chennai, India
[608
]GRID grid.411950.8, ISNI 0000 0004 0611 9280, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, , Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, ; Hamadan, Iran
[609
]GRID grid.411950.8, ISNI 0000 0004 0611 9280, Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, , Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, ; Hamadan, Iran
[611
]GRID grid.9983.b, ISNI 0000 0001 2181 4263, Research Institute for Medicines, , University of Lisbon, ; Lisbon, Portugal
[612
]GRID grid.484406.a, ISNI 0000 0004 0417 6812, Department of Public Health, , Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, ; Sanandaj, Iran
[613
]GRID grid.1010.0, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 7304, School of Public Health, , University of Adelaide, ; Adelaide, South Australia Australia
[614
]GRID grid.467130.7, ISNI 0000 0004 0515 5212, Department of Environmental Health, , Wollo University, ; Dessie, Ethiopia
[615
]GRID grid.411746.1, ISNI 0000 0004 4911 7066, Department of Community and Family Medicine, , Iran University of Medical Sciences, ; Tehran, Iran
[616
]GRID grid.472243.4, ISNI 0000 0004 1783 9494, Department of Public Health, , Adigrat University, ; Adigrat, Ethiopia
[617
]GRID grid.30820.39, ISNI 0000 0001 1539 8988, Department of Pharmacognosy, , Mekelle University, ; Mekelle, Ethiopia
[618
]GRID grid.59547.3a, ISNI 0000 0000 8539 4635, Department of Medical Microbiology, , University of Gondar, ; Gondar, Ethiopia
[619
]GRID grid.440670.1, ISNI 0000 0004 1764 8188, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, , Central University of Kerala, ; Kasaragod, India
[620
]GRID grid.5522.0, ISNI 0000 0001 2162 9631, Institute of Public Health, , Jagiellonian University Medical College, ; Kraków, Poland
[622
]GRID grid.11899.38, ISNI 0000 0004 1937 0722, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, , University of São Paulo, ; Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
[624
]GRID grid.56046.31, ISNI 0000 0004 0642 8489, Department of Health Economics, , Hanoi Medical University, ; Hanoi, Vietnam
[625
]GRID grid.1021.2, ISNI 0000 0001 0526 7079, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, , Deakin University, ; Melbourne, Queensland Australia
[626
]GRID grid.1003.2, ISNI 0000 0000 9320 7537, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, , The University of Queensland, ; Brisbane, Queensland Australia
[627
]GRID grid.449131.a, ISNI 0000 0004 6046 4456, Department of Allied Health Sciences, , Iqra National University, ; Peshawar, Pakistan
[628
]Department of Community Medicine, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital
Abakaliki, Abakaliki, Nigeria
[629
]GRID grid.411639.8, ISNI 0000 0001 0571 5193, Kasturba Medical College, , Manipal Academy of Higher Education, ; Mangalore, India
[630
]GRID grid.444644.2, ISNI 0000 0004 1805 0217, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, , Amity University Rajasthan, ; Jaipur, India
[631
]GRID grid.412888.f, ISNI 0000 0001 2174 8913, Alzahra Teaching Hospital, , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ; Tabriz, Iran
[632
]GRID grid.412888.f, ISNI 0000 0001 2174 8913, Women’s Reproductive Health Research Center, , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ; Tabriz, Iran
[634
]GRID grid.411463.5, ISNI 0000 0001 0706 2472, Department of Microbiology, , Islamic Azad University, ; Tehran, Iran
[637
]GRID grid.411528.b, ISNI 0000 0004 0611 9352, Psychosocial Injuries Research Center, , Ilam University of Medical Sciences, ; Ilam, Iran
[638
]GRID grid.412311.4, Occupational Health Unit, , Sant’Orsola Malpighi Hospital, ; Bologna, Italy
[639
]GRID grid.7450.6, ISNI 0000 0001 2364 4210, Department of Economics, , University of Göttingen, ; Göttingen, Germany
[640
]GRID grid.444791.b, ISNI 0000 0004 0609 4183, Foundation University Medical College, , Foundation University Islamabad, ; Islamabad, Pakistan
[641
]GRID grid.34477.33, ISNI 0000000122986657, Department of Statistics, , University of Washington, ; Seattle, WA USA
[642
]GRID grid.34477.33, ISNI 0000000122986657, Department of Biostatistics, , University of Washington, ; Seattle, WA USA
[643
]GRID grid.49470.3e, ISNI 0000 0001 2331 6153, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, , Wuhan University, ; Wuhan, China
[644
]GRID grid.506146.0, ISNI 0000 0000 9445 5866, Demographic Change and Aging Research Area, , Federal Institute for Population Research, ; Wiesbaden, Germany
[645
]GRID grid.506146.0, ISNI 0000 0000 9445 5866, Competence Center of Mortality-Follow-Up of the German National Cohort, , Federal Institute for Population Research, ; Wiesbaden, Germany
[646
]GRID grid.412029.c, ISNI 0000 0000 9211 2704, Department of Physical Therapy, , Naresuan University, ; Phitsanulok, Thailand
[647
]GRID grid.448640.a, ISNI 0000 0004 0514 3385, School of Pharmacy, , Aksum University, ; Aksum, Ethiopia
[648
]GRID grid.30820.39, ISNI 0000 0001 1539 8988, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, , Mekelle University, ; Mekelle, Ethiopia
[649
]GRID grid.7123.7, ISNI 0000 0001 1250 5688, Department of Pharmacology, , Addis Ababa University, ; Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
[650
]GRID grid.268099.c, ISNI 0000 0001 0348 3990, Department of Orthopaedics, , Wenzhou Medical University, ; Wenzhou, China
[651
]GRID grid.11835.3e, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 9262, Psychology Department, , University of Sheffield, ; Sheffield, UK
[652
]GRID grid.26999.3d, ISNI 0000 0001 2151 536X, Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, , University of Tokyo, ; Tokyo, Japan
[653
]GRID grid.28046.38, ISNI 0000 0001 2182 2255, School of International Development and Global Studies, , University of Ottawa, ; Ottawa, Ontario Canada
[654
]GRID grid.4991.5, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8948, The George Institute for Global Health, , University of Oxford, ; Oxford, UK
[655
]GRID grid.412105.3, ISNI 0000 0001 2092 9755, Health Services Management Research Center, , Kerman University of Medical Sciences, ; Kerman, Iran
[656
]GRID grid.412105.3, ISNI 0000 0001 2092 9755, Department of Health Management, Policy, and Economics, , Kerman University of Medical Sciences, ; Kerman, Iran
[657
]GRID grid.192268.6, ISNI 0000 0000 8953 2273, School of Nursing, , Hawassa University, ; Hawassa, Ethiopia
[658
]GRID grid.412989.f, ISNI 0000 0000 8510 4538, Pediatrics Department, , University of Jos, ; Jos, Nigeria
[659
]GRID grid.411946.f, ISNI 0000 0004 1783 4052, Department of Pediatrics, , Jos University Teaching Hospital, ; Jos, Nigeria
[660
]GRID grid.194645.b, ISNI 0000000121742757, Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, , University of Hong Kong, ; Hong Kong, China
[661
]GRID grid.194645.b, ISNI 0000000121742757, Department of Social Work and Social Administration, , University of Hong Kong, ; Hong Kong, China
[662
]GRID grid.419280.6, ISNI 0000 0004 1763 8916, Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, , National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, ; Kodaira, Japan
[663
]GRID grid.258269.2, ISNI 0000 0004 1762 2738, Department of Public Health, , Juntendo University, ; Tokyo, Japan
[664
]GRID grid.257990.0, ISNI 0000 0001 0671 8898, Department of Health Policy and Management, , Jackson State University, ; Jackson, MS USA
[665
]GRID grid.12527.33, ISNI 0000 0001 0662 3178, School of Medicine, , Tsinghua University, ; Beijing, China
[666
]GRID grid.411623.3, ISNI 0000 0001 2227 0923, Department of Environmental Health, , Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, ; Sari, Iran
[667
]GRID grid.411600.2, Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion Research Center, , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, ; Tehran, Iran
[668
]GRID grid.26009.3d, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 7961, Duke Global Health Institute, , Duke University, ; Durham, NC USA
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]GRID grid.411426.4, ISNI 0000 0004 0611 7226, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, , Ardabil University of Medical Science, ; Ardabil, Iran
[670
]GRID grid.1002.3, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 7857, The School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, , Monash University, ; Melbourne, Victoria Australia
[671
]GRID grid.411495.c, ISNI 0000 0004 0421 4102, Student Research Committee, , Babol University of Medical Sciences, ; Babol, Iran
[672
]GRID grid.411426.4, ISNI 0000 0004 0611 7226, Department of Community Medicine, , Ardabil University of Medical Science, ; Ardabil, Iran
[673
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[674
]GRID grid.472268.d, ISNI 0000 0004 1762 2666, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, , Dilla University, ; Dilla, Ethiopia
[675
]GRID grid.4305.2, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 7988, Public Health Department, , University of Edinburgh, ; Edinburgh, UK
[676
]GRID grid.412787.f, ISNI 0000 0000 9868 173X, School of Public Health, , Wuhan University of Science and Technology, ; Wuhan, China
[677
]GRID grid.412787.f, ISNI 0000 0000 9868 173X, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, , Wuhan University of Science and Technology, ; Wuhan, China
[678
]GRID grid.49470.3e, ISNI 0000 0001 2331 6153, School of Medicine, , Wuhan University, ; Wuhan, China
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]GRID grid.412969.1, ISNI 0000 0004 1798 1968, School of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, , Wuhan Polytechnic University, ; Wuhan, China
Article
Publisher ID: 3043DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-03043-4
PMC ID: 7739806
PubMed ID: 33328634
SO-VID: 5dfa3f4e-9855-4942-a696-3377b7f6bbaa
Copyright © © The Author(s) 2020
License:
This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.
History
Date
received
: 1
May
2020
Date
accepted
: 2
November
2020
Categories
Subject:
Article
ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized