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      Aferindo experiências com discriminação em múltiplos grupos sociais: análise de invariância da Escala de Discriminação Explícita em estudantes universitários Translated title: Assessing experiences with discrimination in multiple social groups: invariance analysis of the Explicit Discrimination Scale in university students Translated title: Evaluación comparativa de experiencias de discriminación en múltiples grupos sociales: análisis de invariancia de la Escala de Discriminación Explícita en estudiantes universitarios

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          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Resumo:

          O objetivo foi avaliar a capacidade da Escala de Discriminação Explícita (EDE) de produzir estimativas comparáveis entre grupos de gênero, cor/raça e posição socioeconômica. A análise se baseou em dados de dois estudos, realizados com estudantes de universidades públicas brasileiras. Uma versão abreviada da EDE com oito itens foi avaliada, utilizando o método alignment (alinhamento). Nossos achados indicaram violação de invariância entre grupos de cor/raça e gênero. Os relatos de experiências discriminatórias tiveram melhor comparabilidade entre estratos de posição socioeconômica. Este estudo demonstrou que a EDE deve ser utilizada com cautela, especialmente para fazer comparações de estimativas de discriminação entre respondentes de cor/raça e gênero distintos. A violação de invariância observada reforça a necessidade de pesquisas adicionais, examinando se tal cenário se mantém em amostras mais amplas e diversas do país.

          Abstract:

          This study evaluated the ability of the Explicit Discrimination Scale (EDS) to produce comparable estimates among respondents according to gender, color/race, and socioeconomic status. Analysis was based on data from two studies with students from Brazilian public universities. An abridged version of the EDS with eight items was evaluated by the alignment method. Findings indicated violation of invariance between color/race and gender groups. Reports of discriminatory experiences had better comparability between socioeconomic status strata. This study showed that EDS should be used with caution, especially to compare discrimination estimates between respondents of different colors/races and genders. The observed violation of invariance reinforces the need for additional research examining whether such a scenario persists in larger and more diverse samples from Brazil.

          Resumen:

          El objetivo fue evaluar la capacidad de la Escala de Discriminación Explícita (EDE) para producir estimaciones comparables entre grupos de género, color/raza y posición socioeconómica. El análisis se basó en los datos de dos estudios, realizados con estudiantes de universidades públicas brasileñas. Se evaluó una versión abreviada de la EDE con 8 ítems, utilizando el método alignment (alineación). Nuestros hallazgos indicaron una violación de la invariancia entre los grupos de color/raza y género. Los informes de experiencias discriminatorias fueron más comparables entre los estratos de posición socioeconómica. Este estudio demostró que la EDE debe usarse con precaución, especialmente para hacer comparaciones de estimaciones de discriminación entre encuestados distintos de color/raza y género. La violación de la invariancia observada refuerza la necesidad de investigaciones adicionales, examinando si tal escenario se mantiene muestras más amplias y diversas del país.

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          Racism as a Determinant of Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

          Despite a growing body of epidemiological evidence in recent years documenting the health impacts of racism, the cumulative evidence base has yet to be synthesized in a comprehensive meta-analysis focused specifically on racism as a determinant of health. This meta-analysis reviewed the literature focusing on the relationship between reported racism and mental and physical health outcomes. Data from 293 studies reported in 333 articles published between 1983 and 2013, and conducted predominately in the U.S., were analysed using random effects models and mean weighted effect sizes. Racism was associated with poorer mental health (negative mental health: r = -.23, 95% CI [-.24,-.21], k = 227; positive mental health: r = -.13, 95% CI [-.16,-.10], k = 113), including depression, anxiety, psychological stress and various other outcomes. Racism was also associated with poorer general health (r = -.13 (95% CI [-.18,-.09], k = 30), and poorer physical health (r = -.09, 95% CI [-.12,-.06], k = 50). Moderation effects were found for some outcomes with regard to study and exposure characteristics. Effect sizes of racism on mental health were stronger in cross-sectional compared with longitudinal data and in non-representative samples compared with representative samples. Age, sex, birthplace and education level did not moderate the effects of racism on health. Ethnicity significantly moderated the effect of racism on negative mental health and physical health: the association between racism and negative mental health was significantly stronger for Asian American and Latino(a) American participants compared with African American participants, and the association between racism and physical health was significantly stronger for Latino(a) American participants compared with African American participants. Protocol PROSPERO registration number: CRD42013005464.
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            Multiple-Group Factor Analysis Alignment

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              Measures of Racism, Sexism, Heterosexism, and Gender Binarism for Health Equity Research: From Structural Injustice to Embodied Harm—An Ecosocial Analysis

              Racism. Sexism. Heterosexism. Gender binarism. Together, they comprise intimately harmful, distinct, and entangled societal systems of self-serving domination and privilege that structure the embodiment of health inequities. Guided by the ecosocial theory of disease distribution, I synthesize key features of the specified “isms” and provide a measurement schema, informed by research from both the Global North and the Global South. Metrics discussed include (a) structural, including explicit rules and laws, nonexplicit rules and laws, and area-based or institutional nonrule measures; and (b) individual-level (exposures and internalized) measures, including explicit self-report, implicit, and experimental. Recommendations include (a) expanding the use of structural measures to extend beyond the current primary emphasis on psychosocial individual-level measures; (b) analyzing exposure in relation to both life course and historical generation; (c) developing measures of anti-isms; and (d) developing terrestrially grounded measures that can reveal links between the structural drivers of unjust isms and their toll on environmental degradation, climate change, and health inequities.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: contribuiu com a concepção do estudoRole: análise estatística, interpretação de dados e redaçãoRole: aprovou a versão final
                Role: contribuiu com a concepção do estudo, análise estatísticaRole: interpretação de dados, redação e revisãoRole: aprovou a versão final
                Role: contribuiu com a análise estatísticaRole: interpretação de dados, redação e revisãoRole: aprovou a versão final
                Journal
                Cad Saude Publica
                Cad Saude Publica
                csp
                Cadernos de Saúde Pública
                Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz
                0102-311X
                1678-4464
                17 May 2024
                2024
                : 40
                : 4
                : e00127323
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brasil.
                [2 ] Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada.
                [3 ] Instituto de Medicina Social, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.
                Author notes
                [Correspondência ] F. R. Bernardo Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Campus Universitário João David Ferreira Lima, Florianópolis, SC 88040-970, Brasil. fabiula-bernardo@ 123456hotmail.com

                Informações adicionais: ORCID: Fabiula Renilda Bernardo (0000-0001-7958-0201); João L. Bastos (0000-0002-1816-0745); Michael Reichenheim (0000-0001-7232-6745).

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7958-0201
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1816-0745
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7232-6745
                Article
                01501
                10.1590/0102-311XPT127323
                11105347
                5ecf7248-ebad-4902-a496-7e411394d3f6

                Este é um artigo publicado em acesso aberto sob uma licença Creative Commons

                History
                : 10 July 2023
                : 29 January 2024
                : 19 February 2024
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 2, Equations: 0, References: 12
                Funding
                Funded by: CNPq
                Award ID: 303775/2021-1
                Categories
                Comunicação Breve

                psychometrics,bias,surveys and questionnaires,social discrimination,psicometria,viés,inquéritos e questionários,discriminação social,psicometría,sesgo,encuestas y cuestionarios,discriminación social

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