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Abstract
This paper reviews data demonstrating nonconscious control of autonomic responses
and emotional processes. After briefly having considered theoretical attempts to encompass
such processes within Pavlovian conditioning frameworks, it goes on the examine theories
and evidence for nonconscious control of emotional processes. The phenomena covered
include affective discrimination, neurophysiological mechanisms in the control of
conditioned emotional responses, and attentional biases in anxiety disorders. The
main section of the paper examines evidence for nonconscious, automatic control of
autonomic responses. Such control is demonstrated by data on skin conductance responses
to nonattended stimuli, by skin conductance responses in prosopagnosic patients, and
by skin conductance responses to masked conditioned stimuli. There are also some data
suggesting that responses can be learned to nonconsciously presented in stimuli. In
the discussion, it is argued that controlled processing may be dissociated from awareness.
That is to say, stimuli may be processed at a controlled level without being accessible
for conscious awareness. The relevance of these findings for Pavlovian conditioning
is discussed.