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      Seroprevalence of Campylobacter-Specific Antibodies in two German Duck Farms – A Prospective Follow-Up Study

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          Abstract

          Several studies have shown that about 60–100% of farmed ducks are colonized by Campylobacter species. Because of this, a higher risk of campylobacteriosis among duck farm workers can be assumed.

          To estimate the risk of Campylobacter infections in duck farm workers, we investigated the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in ducks of two duck farms and the seroprevalence of anti- Campylobacter antibodies (IgA and IgG) in two cohorts of workers. The first cohort consisted of high-exposed stable workers and slaughterers, which was compared to a second cohort of non-/low-exposed persons. Duck caecal swabs and serum samples were collected in 2004, 2007, and 2010.

          The colonization rate in the examined ducks was found to be 80–90%. The seroprevalence of anti- Campylobacter IgA and IgG antibodies among the non-exposed cohort was found to be 0.00% in all 3 years. In contrast, the exposed cohort demonstrated an IgA seroprevalence of 4.17% in 2004, 5.71% in 2007, and 0.00% in 2010 and an IgG seroprevalence of 8.33% in 2004, 0.00% in 2007, and 4.29% in 2010.

          In conclusion, in 2004, we observed a significantly higher anti- Campylobacter antibody seroprevalence in the exposed cohort followed by a steady reduction in 2007 and 2010 under occupational health and safety measures.

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          Campylobacter jejuni: a brief overview on pathogenicity-associated factors and disease-mediating mechanisms.

          Javid I Dasti, A. Tareen, Raimond Lugert … (2010)
          Campylobacter jejuni has long been recognized as a cause of bacterial food-borne illness, and surprisingly, it remains the most prevalent bacterial food-borne pathogen in the industrial world to date. Natural reservoirs for this Gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacterium are wild birds, whose intestines offer a suitable biological niche for the survival and dissemination of C. jejuni Chickens become colonized shortly after birth and are the most important source for human infection. In the last decade, effective intervention strategies to limit infections caused by this elusive pathogen were hindered mainly because of a paucity in understanding the virulence mechanisms of C. jejuni and in part, unavailability of an adequate animal model for the disease. However, recent developments in deciphering molecular mechanisms of virulence of C. jejuni made it clear that C. jejuni is a unique pathogen, being able to execute N-linked glycosylation of more than 30 proteins related to colonization, adherence, and invasion. Moreover, the flagellum is not only depicted to facilitate motility but as well secretion of Campylobacter invasive antigens (Cia). The only toxin of C. jejuni, the so-called cytolethal distending toxin (CdtA,B,C), seems to be important for cell cycle control and induction of host cell apoptosis and has been recognized as a major pathogenicity-associated factor. In contrast to other diarrhoea-causing bacteria, no other classical virulence factors have yet been identified in C. jejuni. Instead, host factors seem to play a major role for pathogenesis of campylobacteriosis of man. Indeed, several lines of evidence suggest exploitation of different adaptation strategies by this pathogen depending on its requirement, whether to establish itself in the natural avian reservoir or during the course of human infection. (c) 2009 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
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            Campylobacter jejuni--an emerging foodborne pathogen.

            S F Altekruse, N J Stern, P. Fields … (1999)
            Campylobacter jejuni is the most commonly reported bacterial cause of foodborne infection in the United States. Adding to the human and economic costs are chronic sequelae associated with C. jejuni infection--Guillian-Barré syndrome and reactive arthritis. In addition, an increasing proportion of human infections caused by C. jejuni are resistant to antimicrobial therapy. Mishandling of raw poultry and consumption of undercooked poultry are the major risk factors for human campylobacteriosis. Efforts to prevent human illness are needed throughout each link in the food chain.
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              The Role of Environmental Reservoirs in Human Campylobacteriosis

              Harriet Whiley, Ben van den Akker, Steven Giglio … (2013)
              Campylobacteriosis is infection caused by the bacteria Campylobacter spp. and is considered a major public health concern. Campylobacter spp. have been identified as one of the most common causative agents of bacterial gastroenteritis. They are typically considered a foodborne pathogen and have been shown to colonise the intestinal mucosa of all food-producing animals. Much emphasis has been placed on controlling the foodborne pathway of exposure, particularly within the poultry industry, however, other environmental sources have been identified as important contributors to human infection. This paper aims to review the current literature on the sources of human exposure to Campylobacter spp. and will cover contaminated poultry, red meat, unpasteurised milk, unwashed fruit and vegetables, compost, wild bird faeces, sewage, surface water, ground water and drinking water. A comparison of current Campylobacter spp. identification methods from environmental samples is also presented. The review of literature suggests that there are multiple and diverse sources for Campylobacter infection. Many environmental sources result in direct human exposure but also in contamination of the food processing industry. This review provides useful information for risk assessment.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp)
                Journal ID (publisher-id): EUJMI
                Title: European Journal of Microbiology & Immunology
                Publisher: Akadémiai Kiadó (Budapest )
                ISSN (Print): 2062-509X
                ISSN (Electronic): 2062-8633
                Publication date (Electronic): 17 May 2016
                Publication date Collection: 24 June 2016
                Volume: 6
                Issue: 2
                Pages: 118-123
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie , Kreuzbergring 57, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
                [2 ]Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin, Gruppe Biologische Arbeitsstoffe , Nöldnerstraße 40–42, D-10317 Berlin, Germany
                [3 ]Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Institut für Arbeits-, Sozial- und Umweltmedizin , Waldweg 37 B, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany
                Author notes
                * Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Kreuzbergring 57, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany; +49-551-398549; +49-551-395861; azautne@ 123456gwdg.de

                Conflict of interest

                The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

                Article
                DOI: 10.1556/1886.2016.00007
                PMC ID: 4936334
                PubMed ID: 27429794
                SO-VID: 5f6dcd0a-6c66-46da-b703-5abeee1fd0e2
                Copyright © © The Author(s)
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 08 March 2016
                Date accepted : 03 April 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 3, Equations: 0, References: 23, Pages: 6
                Categories
                Subject: Original Article

                Keywords: campylobacteriosis,campylobacter,seroprevalence,duck farm workers,duck slaughterhouse workers,occupational health and safety protective measures
                Data availability:
                Keywords: campylobacteriosis, campylobacter, seroprevalence, duck farm workers, duck slaughterhouse workers, occupational health and safety protective measures

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