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      Factors Associated with Preferences for Long-Acting Injectable Antiretroviral Therapy Among Adolescents and Young People Living with HIV in South Africa

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          Abstract

          Long-acting injectable anti-retroviral therapy (LAART) may overcome barriers to long-term adherence and improve the survival of adolescents and young people living with HIV (AYLHIV). Research on the acceptability of LAART for this age-group is limited. We asked 953 AYLHIV about their preferred (theoretical) ART mode of delivery (pill, injectable, or other) in 2017–2018, before LAART was available or known to AYLHIV in South Africa. One in eight (12%) AYLHIV preferred LAART over single or multiple pill regimens. In multivariate analyses, six factors were associated with LAART preference: medication stock-outs (aOR = 2.56, 95% CI 1.40–4.68, p = 0.002), experiencing side-effects (aOR = 1.84, 95% CI 1.15–2.97, p = 0.012), pill-burden (aOR = 1.88, 95% CI 1.20–2.94, p = 0.006), past-year treatment changes (aOR = 1.63, 95% CI 1.06–2.51, p = 0.025), any HIV stigma (aOR = 2.22, 95% CI 1.39–3.53, p ≤ 0.001) and recent ART initiation (aOR = 2.02, 95% CI 1.09–3.74, p = 0.025). In marginal effects modelling, 66% of adolescents who experienced all factors were likely to prefer LAART, highlighting the potential high acceptability of LAART among adolescents and young people living with HIV struggling to adhere and have good HIV treatment outcomes. Adolescent boys who reported high ART pill burden were more likely to prefer LAART than their female peers in moderation analyses, suggesting that LAART may be particularly important to improve treatment outcomes among male AYLHIV as they become older. Adding LAART to existing treatment options for AYLHIV, particularly higher risk groups, would support AYLHIV to attain and sustain viral suppression—the third 95, and reduce their risk of AIDS-related mortality.

          Supplementary Information

          The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10461-022-03949-2.

          Resumen

          La terapia antirretroviral inyectable de acción prolongada (TAR LA) puede superar las barreras a la adherencia y mejorar la supervivencia de los adolescentes y jóvenes que viven con el VIH (AJVVIH). La investigación sobre la aceptabilidad del TAR LA para este grupo de edad es limitada. Preguntamos a 953 AJVVIH sobre su modo preferido (teórico) de administración de ART (píldora, inyectable u otro) en 2017–2018, antes de que TAR LA estuviera disponible o fuera conocido por los AJVVIH en Sudáfrica. Uno de cada ocho (12%) AJVVIH prefirió TAR LA sobre los regímenes de píldoras simples o múltiples. En los análisis multivariantes, seis factores se asociaron con la preferencia de TAR LA: agotamiento de la medicación (odd ratio ajustada [ORa] = 2,56, IC95% 1,40–4,68 p = 0,002), experimentar efectos secundarios (ORa = 1,84, IC95% 1,15–2,97 p = 0,012), carga de píldoras (ORa = 1. 88, IC95% 1,20–2,94 p = 0,006), cambios de tratamiento en el último año (ORa = 1,63, IC95% 1,06–2,51 p = 0,025), cualquier estigma del VIH (ORa = 2,22, IC95% 1,39–3,53 p ≤ 0,001) y el inicio reciente del TAR (ORa = 2,02, IC95% 1,09–3,74 p = 0,025). En la modelización de efectos marginales, el 66% de los adolescentes que experimentaron todos los factores eran propensos a preferir la TAR LA, lo que pone de relieve la alta aceptabilidad potencial de la TAR LA entre los adolescentes y los jóvenes que viven con el VIH que luchan por adherirse y tener buenos resultados en el tratamiento del VIH. Los adolescentes varones que informaron de una alta carga de píldoras para el tratamiento antirretroviral eran más propensos a preferir la TAR LA que sus pares mujeres en los análisis de moderación, lo que sugiere que la TAR LA puede ser particularmente importante para mejorar los resultados del tratamiento entre los hombres que viven con el VIH a medida que crecen. La adición de la TAR LA a las opciones de tratamiento existentes para las personas que viven con el VIH, en particular los grupos de mayor riesgo, ayudaría a las personas que viven con el VIH a alcanzar y mantener la supresión vírica -el tercer 95- y a reducir el riesgo de mortalidad relacionada con el sida.

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              Adherence to protease inhibitor therapy and outcomes in patients with HIV infection.

              Combination antiretroviral therapy with protease inhibitors has transformed HIV infection from a terminal condition into one that is manageable. However, the complexity of regimens makes adherence to therapy difficult. To assess the effects of different levels of adherence to therapy on virologic, immunologic, and clinical outcome; to determine modifiable conditions associated with suboptimal adherence; and to determine how well clinicians predict patient adherence. Prospective, observational study. HIV clinics in a Veterans Affairs medical center and a university medical center. 99 HIV-infected patients who were prescribed a protease inhibitor and who neither used a medication organizer nor received their medications in an observed setting (such as a jail or nursing home). Adherence was measured by using a microelectronic monitoring system. The adherence rate was calculated as the number of doses taken divided by the number prescribed. Patients were followed for a median of 6 months (range, 3 to 15 months). During the study period, 45,397 doses of protease inhibitor were monitored in 81 evaluable patients. Adherence was significantly associated with successful virologic outcome (P < 0.001) and increase in CD4 lymphocyte count (P = 0.006). Virologic failure was documented in 22% of patients with adherence of 95% or greater, 61% of those with 80% to 94.9% adherence, and 80% of those with less than 80% adherence. Patients with adherence of 95% or greater had fewer days in the hospital (2.6 days per 1000 days of follow-up) than those with less than 95% adherence (12.9 days per 1000 days of follow-up; P = 0.001). No opportunistic infections or deaths occurred in patients with 95% or greater adherence. Active psychiatric illness was an independent risk factor for adherence less than 95% (P = 0.04). Physicians predicted adherence incorrectly for 41% of patients, and clinic nurses predicted it incorrectly for 30% of patients. Adherence to protease inhibitor therapy of 95% or greater optimized virologic outcome for patients with HIV infection. Diagnosis and treatment of psychiatric illness should be further investigated as a means to improve adherence to therapy.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                elona.toska@uct.ac.za , elona.toska@gmail.com
                Journal
                AIDS Behav
                AIDS Behav
                AIDS and Behavior
                Springer US (New York )
                1090-7165
                1573-3254
                9 January 2023
                9 January 2023
                : 1-13
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.7836.a, ISNI 0000 0004 1937 1151, Centre for Social Science Research, , University of Cape Town, ; Cape Town, South Africa
                [2 ]GRID grid.7836.a, ISNI 0000 0004 1937 1151, Department of Sociology, , University of Cape Town, ; Cape Town, South Africa
                [3 ]GRID grid.4991.5, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8948, Department of Social Policy and Intervention, , University of Oxford, ; Oxford, UK
                [4 ]GRID grid.7836.a, ISNI 0000 0004 1937 1151, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, , University of Cape Town, ; Cape Town, South Africa
                [5 ]GRID grid.39381.30, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8884, School of Health Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, , Western University, ; London, Canada
                [6 ]GRID grid.189967.8, ISNI 0000 0001 0941 6502, Rollins School of Public Health, , Emory University, ; Atlanta, USA
                [7 ]Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, UK
                [8 ]GRID grid.7836.a, ISNI 0000 0004 1937 1151, Centre for Social Science Research, Leslie Social Sciences Building, , University of Cape Town, ; 4.89, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7700 South Africa
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3800-3173
                Article
                3949
                10.1007/s10461-022-03949-2
                9827015
                36622486
                5fefc59b-eae5-4d2a-9090-7eb9e2e99e5d
                © The Author(s) 2023

                Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 5 December 2022
                Funding
                Funded by: International AIDS Society through the CIPHER grant
                Award ID: 155-Hod
                Award ID: 2018/625-TOS
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Evidence for HIV Prevention in Southern Africa (EHPSA)
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100008897, Janssen Pharmaceuticals;
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000279, Nuffield Foundation;
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004789, John Fell Fund, University of Oxford;
                Award ID: 161/033
                Award ID: 103/757
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000275, Leverhulme Trust;
                Funded by: University of Oxford's ESRC Impact Acceleration Account (IAA)
                Award ID: K1311-KEA-004
                Funded by: UNICEF Eastern and Southern Africa (ESARO)
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100001275, Oak Foundation;
                Award ID: OFIL-20-057
                Funded by: UKRI GCRF Accelerating Achievement for Africa's Adolescents (Accelerate) Hub
                Award ID: ES/S008101/1
                Funded by: Regional Inter-Agency Task Team for Children Affected by AIDS - Eastern and Southern Africa (RIATT-ESA)
                Funded by: Fogarty International Center, National Institute on Mental Health, National Institutes of Health
                Award ID: K43TW011434
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Original Paper

                Infectious disease & Microbiology
                adolescents,antiretroviral,long-acting,injectables,south africa
                Infectious disease & Microbiology
                adolescents, antiretroviral, long-acting, injectables, south africa

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