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      Taxonomic Reevaluation of Phrynops (Testudines: Chelidae) with the description of two new genera and a new species of Batrachemys

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          Abstract

          Relationships among turtle species loosely categorized within the South American genus Phrynops are explored. Three once recognized genera (Batrachemys, Mesoclemmys and Phrynops) that were demoted to subgenera, and then synonymized with Phrynops, are demonstrated to warrant full recognition based on morphometric analysis, skull osteology, and mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequencing. Mesoclemmys is resurrected from the synonymy of Phrynops as a monotypic genus including M. gibba. The genus Rhinemys, previously a synonym of Phrynops, is resurrected for the species R. rufipes. Ranacephala gen. nov. is described to inciude the species R hogei. The genus Batrachemys is resurrected from the synonymy of Phrynops and inciudes B. dahli, B. nasuta B. raniceps, B. tuberculata, and B. zuliae. The taxon vanderhaegei is placed in Bufocephala gen. nov. The genus Phrynops is redefined to include the taxa P. geoffroanus, P. hilarii, P. tuberosus and P.williamsi. Ciadistic analysis of morphological data supports this taxonomy. A new species of Batrachemys is described from the western Amazon region, and is distinguished by having facial markings in juveniles, a relatively wide head, and a flattened shell. The new species, B. heliostemma sp. nov., is sympatric with and most similar to the recently resurrected form Batrachemys raniceps in the upper Amazonian region of Peru and adjacent Brazil, Ecuador, Venezuela, and Colombia. Lastly, morphometric data from living and museum specimens of all species of Batrachemys are presented.

          Translated abstract

          Se investigaron las afinidades entre las especies de tortugas agrupadas casualmente dentro del género suramericano Phrynops. Tres géneros anteriormente reconocidos (Batrachemys, Mesoclemmys, y Phrynops), que fueron subsecuentemente colocados como sub-géneros, y luego puestos bajo sinonimia de Phrynops, se reconocen ahora como géneros válidos basándose en análisis morfométrico, osteología craneal y de secuencias génicas, nucleares y mitocondriales. Mesoclemmys se reconocen como género válido, monotipíco, conteniendo la especie M. gibba, y no como sinónimo del género Phrynops. El género Rhinemys, previamente sinónimo de Phrynops, se reconocen como género monotipíco Y conteniendo la especie R. rufipes. Se describen Ranacephala gen. nov. e incluyendo la especie R. hogei. Se reconocen el género Batrachemys no como sinónimo de Phrynops sino como género válido e incluyendo las especies: B. dahli, B. nasuta, B. raniceps, B.tuberculata, y B. zuliae. La especie vanderhaegei se colocan en Bufocephala gen. nov.. El género Phrynops se definen de nuevo e incluye las especies: P. geoffroanus, P. hilarii, P. tuberosus, y P. williamsi. Esta taxonomía está apoyada por análisis cladistíco, Se describe una especie nueva de Batrachemys desde la region peruana de Iquitos, y que se destaca por la presencia de patrones distintivos en las caras de juveniles, por su cabeza relativamente ancha y por su caparazón de forma aplastada. La especie nueva, B.heliostemma sp. nov., se asemeja a Batrachemys raniceps, reconocida nuevamente. Ambas son simpátricas en la region altamazónica de Perú y los paises adyacentes Brazil, Ecuador, Venezuela y Colombia. Finalmente, se presentan los datos morfométricos tomados de ejemplares vivos y de museo para todas las especies del género Batrachemys.

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          Most cited references132

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          Tests of turtle phylogeny: molecular, morphological, and paleontological approaches.

          We present phylogenetic analyses of both molecular and morphological data for the 23 major lineages of living turtles and seven key fossil taxa. Nearly 1 kilobase of cytochrome b sequence, 325 base pairs of 12S ribosomal DNA, and 115 morphological characters contained similar phylogenetic information, although each provided unique information on different nodes of chelonian history. A character-based combinability test (implemented in PAUP*) and a non-parametric test of taxonomic congruence indicated no strong evidence for heterogeneity among data sets, and we used a combined approach to estimate a final phylogeny of the major lineages of living turtles. This approach resulted in a very well-resolved tree, with only a few of the deep branches within the Cryptodira left as an unresolved polytomy. The addition of six relatively complete fossils chosen to help resolve this basal polytomy provided little added resolution to the tree and resulted in a sharp decline in bootstrap proportions for nodes near the fossils. Branch-length analysis and independent dates from the fossil record suggest that these unresolved nodes may represent a rapid radiation of the major cryptodiran lineages 90-120 million years ago.
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            Comparative cranial morphology of Recent and fossil turtles

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              The cranial arteries of turtles and their evolutionary significance

              In this paper the cranial arteries, cranial arterial foramina, and bony canals of the Cheloniidae, Chelydridae, Pelomedusidae, and Chelidae are described in detail. From skull studies and published material, the general cranial arterial patterns of all the turtle families can be inferred. Sea turtles, the Cheloniidae and Dermochelyidae, possess both a large stapedial artery and a large artery supplying the orbit, which is possibly similar to the primitive cranial arterial pattern for turtles. From a primitive pattern in which stapedial and palatine arteries supply the orbit, the Chelydridae and Testudinidae retained a large stapedial artery and reduced the palatine artery, while the Kinosternidae and Dermatemydidae developed a large palatine artery and reduced the stapedial artery. The Trionychidae and probably the Carettochelyidae evolved a complex arterial pattern in which the stapedial artery was reduced somewhat and the pseudopalatine artery was substituted for the palatine artery. Pleurodires in general retained a large stapedial artery and reduced or eliminated the palatine artery. The Podocneminae, including the Madagascar species, developed a highly modified carotid canal, which is found in no other turtle group. The facts which have been presented should aid in fossil skull studies and in understanding the evolutionary background of recent turtles.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rbt
                Revista de Biología Tropical
                Rev. biol. trop
                Universidad de Costa Rica (San José )
                0034-7744
                June 2001
                : 49
                : 2
                : 715-764
                Affiliations
                [1 ] East Fishkill Animal Hospital USA
                [2 ] EO Wildlife Conservation and Artistry USA
                [3 ] University of Texas at Tyler USA
                Article
                S0034-77442001000200035
                605f93af-35e8-4cb2-a8ac-4f1c35e83a96

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Costa Rica

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0034-7744&lng=en
                Categories
                Biodiversity Conservation
                Biology

                General life sciences,Animal science & Zoology
                Turtles,chelid,genera,South America,toadhead,lquitos,systematics,Pleurodira

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