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      Plasmaféresis terapéutica. Análisis de 2 años en el Instituto de Hematología e Inmunología Translated title: Therapeutic plasmapheresis. Two-year analysis at the Institute of Hematology and Immunology

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          Abstract

          La plasmaféresis terapéutica es un procedimiento extracorpóreo en el que, a partir de la extracción de sangre total, se separa el plasma del resto de los componentes celulares con el objetivo de disminuir o eliminar determinadas sustancias patológicas que intervienen en la fisiopatología de la enfermedad. En la actualidad, es el procedimiento de aféresis más frecuentemente usado en la medicina clínica. Se mencionan los avances fundamentales en sus indicaciones, métodos y soluciones de reposición, y se evalúan las indicaciones de plasmaféresis realizadas en el Instituto de Hematología e Inmunología en el período comprendido entre enero de 2009 y diciembre de 2010. Se evaluaron 295 plasmaféresis realizadas a 35 pacientes con 9 enfermedades o condiciones asociadas con ellas; el 60 % correspondieron con la categoría I de la Asociación Americana de Aféresis (ASFA) y el proceder mostró efectividad en el 88,6 % de los casos. El volumen de recambio osciló entre 750 y 2 400 mL y la solución de reposición más empleada fue la solución salina, seguida del plasma fresco congelado y la albúmina. En el 4,06 % de los casos se evidenció alguna reacción adversa relacionada con el proceder, pero estas fueron leves y de fácil control. La plasmaféresis es un proceder con enormes beneficios terapéuticos cuando se utiliza en enfermedades en las que ha demostrado su eficacia.

          Translated abstract

          Therapeutic plasma exchange is an extracorporeal procedure in which, after removing the whole blood, plasma is separated from other cellular components with the aim of reducing or eliminating pathological substances involved in the pathophysiology of the disease. Today, apheresis procedure is the most frequently used in clinical medicine. In this paper, we mention fundamental advances in their indications, methods and replacement solutions. We evaluate indications of plasmapheresis, which were performed at the Institute of Hematology and Immunology from January 2009 to December 2010. There were evaluated 295 plasmapheresis performed in 35 patients with 9 diseases or conditions associated with them. 60 % matched Class I of the American Association of Apheresis (ASFA) and this procedure was effective in 88.6 % of cases. The exchange volume ranged from 750 to 2 400 mL and the most common replacement solution was saline solution, followed by fresh frozen plasma and albumin. 4.06 % of these patients had some adverse reactions related to the proceeding, but these were mild and easily controlled. Plasmapheresis is a procedure with enormous therapeutic benefits when used in diseases, which have proven its effectiveness.

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          Most cited references50

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          Practice parameter: immunotherapy for Guillain-Barré syndrome: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology.

          To provide an evidence-based statement to guide physicians in the management of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). Literature search and derivation of evidence-based statements concerning the use of immunotherapy were performed. Treatment with plasma exchange (PE) or IV immunoglobulin (IVIg) hastens recovery from GBS. Combining the two treatments is not beneficial. Steroid treatment given alone is not beneficial. 1) PE is recommended for nonambulant adult patients with GBS who seek treatment within 4 weeks of the onset of neuropathic symptoms. PE should also be considered for ambulant patients examined within 2 weeks of the onset of neuropathic symptoms; 2) IVIg is recommended for nonambulant adult patients with GBS within 2 or possibly 4 weeks of the onset of neuropathic symptoms. The effects of PE and IVIg are equivalent; 3) Corticosteroids are not recommended for the management of GBS; 4) Sequential treatment with PE followed by IVIg, or immunoabsorption followed by IVIg is not recommended for patients with GBS; and 5) PE and IVIg are treatment options for children with severe GBS.
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            Plasmapheresis and Guillain-Barré syndrome: analysis of prognostic factors and the effect of plasmapheresis.

            The time course of recovery in the Guillain-Barré syndrome is known to vary widely, but factors associated with differences have not been previously defined. In this study we used multivariate analysis to identify such factors and to determine whether the presence or absence of specific factors would influence treatment decisions, particularly the use of plasmapheresis. Data from 245 patients randomized into conventional and plasmapheresis arms were used to assess the time to walk independently (Grade 2), the time to improve one grade, and the percentage improved at 4 weeks. Individually, many factors were associated with outcome. In the multivariate analysis, four factors correlate with poorer outcomes: mean amplitude of compound muscle action potential on stimulating distally of 20% of normal or less, older age, time from onset of disease of 7 days or less, and need for ventilatory support. The most powerful predictor of outcome was the abnormal mean amplitude of compound muscle action potential on stimulating distally. Plasmapheresis, the only variable the physician can influence, has a beneficial effect over and above any or all of these factors. The plasmapheresis patients on continuous flow machines had better outcomes than those on intermittent flow machines. From these data, tables of expected outcome probabilities have been developed.
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              Natural history and treatment effects in Guillain-Barré syndrome: a multicentre study.

              A retrospective multicentre study was performed to investigate the natural history and treatment effects in childhood Guillain-Barré syndrome in a large number of patients. Structured questionnaires were sent to 155 paediatric hospitals for details of patients who conformed to internationally accepted diagnostic criteria and who were treated from spring 1989 to summer 1994. Sixty nine hospitals reported data of 175 patients aged 11 months to 17.7 years. At the height of the disease 26% of the patients remained able to walk, but 16% had to be artificially ventilated. The median time from onset of symptoms to first recovery was 17 days, to walk unaided 37 days, and to be free of symptoms 66 days. There was a large group with a benign and a smaller one with a more protracted course. At long term follow up, 98/106 patients were free of symptoms and the remainder were able to walk unaided. Maximum disability grade was the most powerful prognostic factor. In children unable to walk but not yet tetraplegic, immunoglobulins were able to accelerate recovery. Corticosteroids were less potent. Plasmapheresis could not be evaluated because it was administered only in the most severe cases. The natural history of Guillain-Barré syndrome in children is extremely variable and more benign than in adults. Treatment with immunoglobulins should be considered in patients unable to walk. Corticosteroids are not as effective and should be withheld except when, in protracted courses, suspicion of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy arises.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                hih
                Revista Cubana de Hematología, Inmunología y Hemoterapia
                Rev Cubana Hematol Inmunol Hemoter
                Centro Nacional de Información de Ciencias Médicas; Editorial Ciencias Médicas (La Habana, , Cuba )
                0864-0289
                1561-2996
                June 2012
                : 28
                : 2
                : 151-168
                Affiliations
                [01] La Habana orgnameInstituto de Hematología e Inmunología Cuba
                Article
                S0864-02892012000200006 S0864-0289(12)02800206
                60dd4344-2109-4188-81cf-d1e41689fc07

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 04 January 2012
                : 28 November 2011
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 41, Pages: 18
                Product

                SciELO Cuba

                Self URI: Texto completo solamente en formato PDF (ES)
                Categories
                ARTÍCULOS ORIGINALES

                soluciones de reposición,therapeutic plasmapheresis,replacement volume,plasmaféresis terapéutica,criterios ASFA,volumen de recambio,ASFA criteria

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