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      Oviposition site selection by Gasterophilus pecorum (Diptera: Gasterophilidae) in its habitat in Kalamaili Nature Reserve, Xinjiang, China Translated title: Sélection du site de ponte par Gasterophilus pecorum (Diptera, Gasterophilidae) dans son habitat dans la Réserve Naturelle Kalamaili, Xinjiang, Chine

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          Abstract

          Oviposition site selection is an important aspect of the behavioural ecology of insects. A comparison of the habitats used by a species enhances our understanding of their adaptation to altered environments. We collected data on the oviposition behaviours of Gasterophilus pecorum (Diptera: Gasterophilidae) in its habitat in Kalamaili Nature Reserve (KNR), Xinjiang, China between March and October 2014. We found 91 quadrats were used by G. pecorum for oviposition. Examining 13 ecological factors using the t-test, chi-square test, and principal component analysis showed that G. pecorum’s oviposition habitat was preferentially on slopes with inclinations of 10–30° that were semi-sunny, semi-cloudy slopes, in positions high or low on the slopes, with preferences for total plants lower than 10% and Stipa capillata coverage lower than 10% on the low slopes, but Ceratoides latens coverage on the high and intermediate slopes, when the numbers of plant species and families were lower than five. G. pecorum often selected sites at a distance < 2000 m from a water source and average altitude 900–1000 m. The oviposition site selection by G. pecorum may be correlated with the behaviour of Przewalski’s horses ( Equus ferus przewalskii), and water and food resources may strongly influence oviposition site selection, as Przewalski’s horses rest and forage in these areas.

          Translated abstract

          Le choix du site de ponte est un aspect important de l’écologie comportementale des insectes. Une comparaison des habitats utilisés par une espèce améliore notre compréhension de son adaptation à des environnements modifiés. Nous avons recueilli des données sur les comportements de ponte de Gasterophilus pecorum (Diptera, Gasterophilidae) dans son habitat dans la Réserve Naturelle Kalamaili (KNR), Xinjiang, Chine, entre mars et Octobre 2014. Nous avons trouvé 91 quadrats qui étaient utilisés par G. pecorum pour la ponte. Un examen de treize facteurs écologiques en utilisant le test t, le test du chi carré et une analyse en composantes principales a montré que l’habitat de ponte de G. pecorum était préférentiellement des pentes avec des inclinaisons de 10–30° qui étaient semi-ensoleillées, semi-nuageuses, dans des positions haute ou basse sur les pentes, avec des préférences pour une couverture totale par les plantes inférieure à 10 % et inférieure à 10 % pour Sipa capillata sur les pentes basses, et pour une couverture par Ceratoides latens sur les pentes hautes et intermédiaires où le nombre d’espèces et de familles de plantes étaient inférieur à cinq. Gasterophilus pecorum sélectionne souvent des sites à une distance inférieure à 2000 m d’une source d’eau et une altitude moyenne de 900–1000 m. Le choix du site de ponte par G. pecorum peut être corrélé avec le comportement des chevaux de Prjevalski ( Equus ferus przewalskii), et les ressources en eau et de nourriture peuvent influer fortement sur le choix du site de ponte, car les chevaux de Prjevalski se reposent et paissent dans ces zones.

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          Most cited references18

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          Observational study of behavior: sampling methods.

          J Altmann (1974)
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            The need for integrative approaches to understand and conserve migratory ungulates.

            Over the last two centuries overhunting, anthropogenic barriers and habitat loss have disrupted many ungulate migrations. We review the literature on ungulate migration disruptions and find that for many species the disruption of migratory routes causes a rapid population collapse. Previous research has focused on the proximal ecological factors that might favour migration, particularly spatiotemporal variation in resources and predation. However, this does not provide an adequate basis for understanding and mitigating anthropogenic effects on migratory populations. Migration is a complex behaviour and we advocate an integrative approach that incorporates population dynamics, evolution, genetics, behaviour and physiology, and that borrows insights and approaches from research on other taxa. We draw upon research on avian migration to illustrate research approaches that might also be fruitful in ungulates. In particular, we suggest that the migratory cycle should be evaluated in the context of seasonal population limitation, an approach we highlight with a preliminary demographic perturbation analysis of the Serengeti wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus) population. We provide suggestions for avenues of future research and highlight areas where we believe rapid progress can be made by applying recent advances in theory, technology and analytical approaches.
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              Species composition of Gasterophilus spp. (Diptera, Oestridae) causing equine gastric myiasis in southern Italy: parasite biodiversity and risks for extinction.

              Horse gastrointestinal myiasis caused by larvae of Gasterophilus spp. (Diptera, Oestridae) flies has a worldwide distribution and, where present, it is primarily caused by larvae of Gasterophilus intestinalis and Gasterophilus nasalis. Other species, i.e., Gasterophilus inermis, Gasterophilus pecorum and Gasterophilus haemorrhoidalis, present in different or in the same regions of the gastrointestinal tract, were only occasionally reported in very limited areas of eastern European Countries and in central Italy. With the aim to contribute data on the species composition of Gasterophilus and on the seasonal variation of the infection pattern in southern Italy, 152 native horses were necropsied from January to December 2003 and Gasterophilus larvae were collected from the stomach, the small intestine and the rectum of each of them. On the whole, 125 (82.2%) horses were infected by larvae of Gasterophilus spp. and 214 second stage larvae (L2) and 13,342 third stage larvae (L3) collected. Five species of Gasterophilus were identified with the following prevalence: G. intestinalis=95.2%, G. nasalis=44.8%, G. inermis=15.2%, G. pecorum=2.6% and G. haemorrhoidalis=0.8%. L3 were retrieved throughout the observation period with the highest mean burdens from January to August 2003 while the lowest mean was registered from September to November 2003. L2 were collected in February-March 2003 and from September to December 2003. The majority of the animals (n=66, 43.4%) were infected with a single Gasterophilus species, however, 45 animals (29.6%) harboured 2 species, 12 animals (7.9%) 3 species and 2 animals (1.3%) 4 species. The trend of abundance in the L3 of G. intestinalis and G. nasalis, the most represented species, was highly concordant (r=0.5, p<0.001). A retrospective comparison of our results and of other data from four seasons of observation (1983-1986) in central Italy showed that the number of G. inermis, G. pecorum and G. haemorrhoidalis have been decreasing relative to G. intestinalis and G. nasalis which may suggest tendency toward the extinction of the three former species of Gasterophilus.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Parasite
                Parasite
                parasite
                Parasite
                EDP Sciences
                1252-607X
                1776-1042
                2015
                30 November 2015
                : 22
                : ( publisher-idID: parasite/2015/01 )
                : 34
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Key Laboratory of Non-invasive Research Technology for Endangered Species, College of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University 100083 Beijing P.R. China
                Author notes
                Article
                parasite150068 10.1051/parasite/2015034
                10.1051/parasite/2015034
                4664853
                26621549
                62adb057-9f7a-4ca1-a673-c336e168d86e
                © S.-H. Liu et al., published by EDP Sciences, 2015

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 06 September 2015
                : 12 November 2015
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 3, Equations: 0, References: 61, Pages: 9
                Categories
                Research Article

                przewalski’s horses,oviposition site,gasterophilus pecorum,kalamaili nature reserve

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