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      Camellia Sinensis Mouthwashes in Oral Care: a Systematic Review

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          Abstract

          Herbal products are increasingly growing in the oral care market. Some of the related herbal compounds in this field have considerable clinical evidence for use in mouthwashes in their background. Camellia sinensis or tea plant has attracted numerous researchers of dentistry and pharmaceutical sciences, in recent years, for its biologic and medicinal properties. The effects such as anti-septic, anti-oxidative, and anti-inflammatory activities have made this plant a suitable candidate for preparation of mouthwashes. In this systematic review, we tried to find, evaluate, and categorize the sparse evidence in medical literature about Camellia sinensis mouthwashes. We explored three scientific databases with keywords including tea, dental care, Camellia sinensis, and mouthwashes and found 69 relevant studies including 41 randomized controlled trials (RCTs), which are generally proposing anti-microbial, anti-plaque, and analgesic indications for these tea formulations. Considering the main trend in clinical evidence and favorable safety profile, Camellia sinensis products are able to act as antiseptic, anti-plaque, and anti-inflammatory agents and can be used as useful mouthwashes in the future clinical studies and practice.

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          Beneficial effects of green tea: A literature review

          Sabu M Chacko, Priya Thambi, Ramadasan Kuttan … (2010)
          The health benefits of green tea for a wide variety of ailments, including different types of cancer, heart disease, and liver disease, were reported. Many of these beneficial effects of green tea are related to its catechin, particularly (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate, content. There is evidence from in vitro and animal studies on the underlying mechanisms of green tea catechins and their biological actions. There are also human studies on using green tea catechins to treat metabolic syndrome, such as obesity, type II diabetes, and cardiovascular risk factors. Long-term consumption of tea catechins could be beneficial against high-fat diet-induced obesity and type II diabetes and could reduce the risk of coronary disease. Further research that conforms to international standards should be performed to monitor the pharmacological and clinical effects of green tea and to elucidate its mechanisms of action.
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            A Review of the Role of Green Tea ( Camellia sinensis ) in Antiphotoaging, Stress Resistance, Neuroprotection, and Autophagy

            Mani Prasanth, Bhagavathi SIVAMARUTHI, Chaiyavat Chaiyasut … (2019)
            Tea is one of the most widely consumed beverages worldwide, and is available in various forms. Green tea is richer in antioxidants compared to other forms of tea. Tea is composed of polyphenols, caffeine, minerals, and trace amounts of vitamins, amino acids, and carbohydrates. The composition of the tea varies depending on the fermentation process employed to produce it. The phytochemicals present in green tea are known to stimulate the central nervous system and maintain overall health in humans. Skin aging is a complex process mediated by intrinsic factors such as senescence, along with extrinsic damage induced by external factors such as chronic exposure to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation—A process known as photoaging—Which can lead to erythema, edema, sunburn, hyperplasia, premature aging, and the development of non-melanoma and melanoma skin cancers. UV can cause skin damage either directly, through absorption of energy by biomolecules, or indirectly, by increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). Green tea phytochemicals are a potent source of exogenous antioxidant candidates that could nullify excess endogenous ROS and RNS inside the body, and thereby diminish the impact of photoaging. Several in vivo and in vitro studies suggest that green tea supplementation increases the collagen and elastin fiber content, and suppresses collagen degrading enzyme MMP-3 production in the skin, conferring an anti-wrinkle effect. The precise mechanism behind the anti-photoaging effect of green tea has not been explored yet. Studies using the worm model have suggested that green tea mediated lifespan extension depends on the DAF-16 pathway. Apart from this, green tea has been reported to have stress resistance and neuroprotective properties. Its ROS scavenging activity makes it a potent stress mediator, as it can also regulate the stress induced by metal ions. It is known that tea polyphenols can induce the expression of different antioxidant enzymes and hinder the DNA oxidative damage. Growing evidence suggests that green tea can also be used as a potential agent to mediate neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease. EGCG, an abundant catechin in tea, was found to suppress the neurotoxicity induced by Aβ as it activates glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), along with inhibiting c-Abl/FE65—the cytoplasmic nonreceptor tyrosine kinase which is involved in the development of the nervous system and in nuclear translocation. Additionally, green tea polyphenols induce autophagy, thereby revitalizing the overall health of the organism consuming it. Green tea was able to activate autophagy in HL-60 xenographs by increasing the activity of PI3 kinase and BECLIN-1. This manuscript describes the reported anti-photoaging, stress resistance, and neuroprotective and autophagy properties of one of the most widely known functional foods—green tea.
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              Beneficial Effects of Green Tea Catechins on Neurodegenerative Diseases

              Monira Pervin, Keiko Unno, Tomokazu Ohishi … (2018)
              Tea is one of the most consumed beverages in the world. Green tea, black tea, and oolong tea are made from the same plant Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze. Among them, green tea has been the most extensively studied for beneficial effects on diseases including cancer, obesity, diabetes, and inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. Several human observational and intervention studies have found beneficial effects of tea consumption on neurodegenerative impairment, such as cognitive dysfunction and memory loss. These studies supported the basis of tea’s preventive effects of Parkinson’s disease, but few studies have revealed such effects on Alzheimer’s disease. In contrast, several human studies have not reported these favorable effects with regard to tea. This discrepancy may be due to incomplete adjustment of confounding factors, including the method of quantifying consumption, beverage temperature, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and differences in genetic and environmental factors, such as race, sex, age, and lifestyle. Thus, more rigorous human studies are required to understand the neuroprotective effect of tea. A number of laboratory experiments demonstrated the benefits of green tea and green tea catechins (GTCs), such as epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), and proposed action mechanisms. The targets of GTCs include the abnormal accumulation of fibrous proteins, such as Aβ and α-synuclein, inflammation, elevated expression of pro-apoptotic proteins, and oxidative stress, which are associated with neuronal cell dysfunction and death in the cerebral cortex. Computational molecular docking analysis revealed how EGCG can prevent the accumulation of fibrous proteins. These findings suggest that GTCs have the potential to be used in the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and could be useful for the development of new drugs.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Dent (Shiraz)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Dent (Shiraz)
                Title: Journal of Dentistry
                Publisher: Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (Iran )
                ISSN (Print): 2345-6485
                ISSN (Electronic): 2345-6418
                Publication date (Print): December 2020
                Volume: 21
                Issue: 4
                Pages: 249-262
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Dept. Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
                [2 ] Dept. of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: Tafazoli Moghadam E, Dept. of Orthodontics, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Bahonar Ave, Qazvin, Iran. PO.Box: 15315-34199, Tel: +98-2833336001, Email: tafazoli.ehsan@ 123456yahoo.com , ehsan.tafazolimoghadam@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                Publisher ID: JDS-21-4
                DOI: 10.30476/DENTJODS.2020.83204.1045
                PMC ID: 7737926
                PubMed ID: 33344675
                SO-VID: 62e7dcb8-724f-4a98-9b80-7200bccc9231
                Copyright © Copyright: © Journal of Dentistry
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 Unported License, ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date revision received : 27 January 2020
                Date accepted : April 2020
                Date received : 16 October 2019
                Categories
                Subject: Systematic Review

                Keywords: camellia sinensis, dental care, green tea, mouthwashes, mouthrinse, oral hygiene, tea
                Data availability:
                Keywords: camellia sinensis, dental care, green tea, mouthwashes, mouthrinse, oral hygiene, tea

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