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      Inmunoterapia en melanoma: vacunas de células dendríticas Translated title: Melanoma immunotherapy: dendritic cell vaccines

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          Abstract

          La presente es una revisión narrativa que muestra la información accesible a la comunidad científica sobre melanoma e inmunoterapia. Las células dendríticas tienen la capacidad de participar en la inmunidad innata y adaptativa, pero no son ajenas a la evasión inmune de los tumores. Conocer su biología y rol ha llevado a generar in vitro varios prospectos de vacunas celulares autólogas contra diversos tipos de cáncer en humanos y modelos animales; sin embargo, en vista de la poca eficiencia que han mostrado, se deben implementar estrategias para potenciar su capacidad natural ya sea a través de la coexpresión de moléculas clave para activar o reactivar al sistema inmune, en combinación con biosimilares o drogas quimioterapeúticas y no se debe descartar la acción de productos naturales como alternativa inmunoestimulante o adyuvante. Todos los tipos de inmunoterapía deberían medir el impacto de las células supresoras de origen mieloide, las que pueden atacar al sistema inmune y ayudar a la progresión tumoral, respectivamente. Esto puede reducir la actividad de las vacunas celulares y/o sus combinaciones pudiendo ser la diferencia entre el éxito o no de la inmunoterapia. Aunque en melanoma existen biosimilares aprobados por la Food and Drug Administration (FDA) no todos tienen el éxito esperado por lo que es necesario evaluar otras estrategias que incluyan vacunas celulares cargadas con péptidos antigénicos tumorales expresados exclusivamente o antígenos provenientes de extractos tumorales y sus respectivos adyuvantes.

          Translated abstract

          This is a narrative review that shows accessible information to the scientific community about melanoma and immunotherapy. Dendritic cells have the ability to participate in innate and adaptive immunity, but are not unfamiliar to the immune evasion of tumors. Knowing the biology and role has led to generate in vitro several prospects of autologous cell vaccines against diverse types of cancer in humans and animal models. However, given the low efficiency they have shown, we must implement strategies to enhance their natural capacity either through the coexpression of key molecules to activate or reactivate the immune system, in combination with biosimilars or chemotherapeutic drugs. The action of natural products as alternative or adjuvant immunostimulant should not be ruled out. All types of immunotherapy should measure the impact of myeloid suppressor cells, which can attack the immune system and help tumor progression, respectively. This can reduce the activity of cellular vaccines and/or their combinations, that could be the difference between success or not of the immunotherapy. Although for melanoma there exist biosimilars approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), not all have the expected success. Therefore it is necessary to evaluate other strategies including cellular vaccines loaded with tumor antigenic peptides expressed exclusively or antigens from tumor extracts and their respective adjuvants.

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          Most cited references124

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          Cancer prevention by tea: animal studies, molecular mechanisms and human relevance.

          Extracts of tea, especially green tea, and tea polyphenols have been shown to inhibit the formation and development of tumours at different organ sites in animal models. There is considerable evidence that tea polyphenols, in particular (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate, inhibit enzyme activities and signal transduction pathways, resulting in the suppression of cell proliferation and enhancement of apoptosis, as well as the inhibition of cell invasion,angiogenesis and metastasis. Here, we review these biological activities and existing data relating tea consumption to human cancer risk in an attempt to understand the potential use of tea for cancer prevention.
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            Immature, semi-mature and fully mature dendritic cells: which signals induce tolerance or immunity?

            Dendritic cells (DCs) are currently divided into tolerogenic immature and immunogenic mature differentiation stages. However, recent findings challenge this model by reporting mature DCs as inducers of regulatory CD4+ T cells in vivo. This implies that decisive tolerogenic and immunogenic maturation signals for DCs might exist. Closer inspection reveals that tolerance is observed when partial- or semi-maturation of DCs occurs, whereas only full DC maturation is immunogenic. The decisive immunogenic signal seems to be the release of proinflammatory cytokines from the DCs. Moreover, the semi-mature DC phenotype is comparable to steady-state migratory veiled DCs within the lymphatics, which seem to continuously tolerize lymph node T cells against tissue-derived self-antigens or apoptotic cells.
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              Mechanisms and functional significance of tumour-induced dendritic-cell defects.

              The failure of the immune system to provide protection against tumour cells is an important immunological problem. It is now evident that inadequate function of the host immune system is one of the main mechanisms by which tumours escape from immune control, as well as an important factor that limits the success of cancer immunotherapy. In recent years, it has become increasingly clear that defects in dendritic cells have a crucial role in non-responsiveness to tumours. This article focuses on the functional consequences and recently described mechanisms of the dendritic-cell defects in cancer.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rins
                Revista Peruana de Medicina Experimental y Salud Publica
                Rev. perú. med. exp. salud publica
                Instituto Nacional de Salud (Lima, , Peru )
                1726-4634
                July 2015
                : 32
                : 3
                : 555-564
                Affiliations
                [01] Lima orgnameUniversidad Cayetano Heredia orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencieas y Filosofía orgdiv2Laboratorio de investigación y Desarrollo Perú
                [02] Lima orgnameEmpresa de Investigación y Desarrollo en Cáncer Perú
                Article
                S1726-46342015000300021 S1726-4634(15)03200300021
                62fe22f2-be22-4fc2-99fa-d39044e2db43

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 12 September 2014
                : 13 May 2015
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 71, Pages: 10
                Product

                SciELO Public Health


                Vaccines,Cat’s claw,Vacunas,Células dendríticas,Melanoma,Dendritic cells

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