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      Feasibility, safety and outcome of endoscopic gastrostomy in patients with esophageal cancer Translated title: Viabilidad, seguridad y resultado de la gastrostomía endoscópica en pacientes con cáncer de esófago

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          Abstract

          Abstract Background and aims: esophageal cancer (EC) is an important health problem worldwide with high morbidity and mortality. EC patients are likely to develop malnutrition. The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility and safety of endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) feeding in EC cancer, and to identify risk factors associated with poor prognosis. Methods: a retrospective observational study was performed using records from EC patients referred for PEG. Age, gender, cancer histologic subtype, indication for gastrostomy, and mortality data were recorded. NRS 2002, body mass index (BMI), hemoglobin, serum albumin, transferrin and total cholesterol were collected at the day of PEG. An association between anthropometric, clinical and laboratorial data with patient survival was assessed. Results: data were obtained for forty-one EC patients (36 men and 5 women) aged 39-88 years (mean, 62 years). Gastrostomy was possible in all patients referred to PEG (27 patients selected for curative treatment and 14 patients for palliative nutrition). No major complications occurred. Mean survival after PEG was 18.1 months, and mortality rate at 3 months was 31.7 %. Most patients (34; 82.9 %) died under PEG feeding. Mean BMI was 21.3 kg/m2 and 14 patients (34.1 %) patients had low BMI. Serum albumin, transferrin and total cholesterol were low in 10 (24.4 %), 20 (48.8 %) and 18 (43.9 %) patients, respectively. Higher BMI (R = 0.30), serum albumin (R = 0.41) and transferrin (R = 0.47) tended to be positively correlated with survival (p < 0.005). Conclusions: PEG is a feasible and safe technique for enteral feeding in EC patients. Higher BMI, serum albumin and transferrin levels at admission predict a better outcome. Enteral feeding through PEG should be considered early in EC patients due to their higher risk of malnutrition, which is associated with shorter survival.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen Introducción y objetivos: el cáncer de esófago (EC) es un importante problema de salud en todo el mundo, con elevada morbilidad y mortalidad. Los pacientes con EC presentan una elevada probabilidad de desarrollar desnutrición. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la viabilidad y seguridad de la alimentación por gastrostomía endoscópica (PEG) en los EC e identificar los factores de riesgo asociados con un peor pronóstico. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional retrospectivo utilizando registros de pacientes con EC remitidos para PEG. Se registraron la edad, el género, el subtipo histológico del cáncer, la indicación de gastrostomía y los datos de mortalidad. El NRS 2002, el índice de masa corporal (IMC), la hemoglobina, la albúmina sérica, la transferrina y el colesterol total se recogieron el día de la PEG. Se evaluó la asociación de los datos antropométricos, clínicos y de laboratorio con la supervivencia del paciente. Resultados: se obtuvieron datos de cuarenta y un pacientes con EC (36 hombres y 5 mujeres), con edades entre 39 y 88 años (media 62 años). La gastrostomía fue posible en todos los pacientes remitidos a PEG (27 pacientes seleccionados para tratamiento curativo y 14 pacientes para nutrición paliativa). No ocurrieron complicaciones mayores. La supervivencia media después de la PEG fue de 18,1 meses y la tasa de mortalidad a los 3 meses fue del 31,7 %. La mayoría de los pacientes (34; 82,9 %) murieron bajo alimentación con PEG. El IMC medio fue de 21.3 kg/m2 y 14 pacientes (34,1 %) pacientes presentaron un IMC bajo. La albúmina sérica, la transferrina y el colesterol total fueron bajos en 10 (24,4 %), 20 (48,8 %) y 18 (43,9 %) pacientes, respectivamente. El IMC alto (R = 0,30), la albúmina sérica (R = 0,41) y la transferrina (R = 0,47) tienden a correlacionarse positivamente con la supervivencia (p < 0,005). Conclusiones: la PEG es una técnica factible y segura para la alimentación enteral de los pacientes con EC. Los niveles más altos de IMC, albúmina sérica y transferrina al ingreso predicen un mejor resultado. La alimentación enteral a través de PEG debe considerarse temprano en los pacientes con EC debido al mayor riesgo de desnutrición, que se asocia a una supervivencia más corta.

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          ESPEN guidelines on nutrition in cancer patients

          Cancers are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and the number of new cases is expected to rise significantly over the next decades. At the same time, all types of cancer treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and pharmacological therapies are improving in sophistication, precision and in the power to target specific characteristics of individual cancers. Thus, while many cancers may still not be cured they may be converted to chronic diseases. All of these treatments, however, are impeded or precluded by the frequent development of malnutrition and metabolic derangements in cancer patients, induced by the tumor or by its treatment. These evidence-based guidelines were developed to translate current best evidence and expert opinion into recommendations for multi-disciplinary teams responsible for identification, prevention, and treatment of reversible elements of malnutrition in adult cancer patients. The guidelines were commissioned and financially supported by ESPEN and by the European Partnership for Action Against Cancer (EPAAC), an EU level initiative. Members of the guideline group were selected by ESPEN to include a range of professions and fields of expertise. We searched for meta-analyses, systematic reviews and comparative studies based on clinical questions according to the PICO format. The evidence was evaluated and merged to develop clinical recommendations using the GRADE method. Due to the deficits in the available evidence, relevant still open questions were listed and should be addressed by future studies. Malnutrition and a loss of muscle mass are frequent in cancer patients and have a negative effect on clinical outcome. They may be driven by inadequate food intake, decreased physical activity and catabolic metabolic derangements. To screen for, prevent, assess in detail, monitor and treat malnutrition standard operating procedures, responsibilities and a quality control process should be established at each institution involved in treating cancer patients. All cancer patients should be screened regularly for the risk or the presence of malnutrition. In all patients - with the exception of end of life care - energy and substrate requirements should be met by offering in a step-wise manner nutritional interventions from counseling to parenteral nutrition. However, benefits and risks of nutritional interventions have to be balanced with special consideration in patients with advanced disease. Nutritional care should always be accompanied by exercise training. To counter malnutrition in patients with advanced cancer there are few pharmacological agents and pharmaconutrients with only limited effects. Cancer survivors should engage in regular physical activity and adopt a prudent diet.
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            Diagnostic criteria for malnutrition - An ESPEN Consensus Statement.

            To provide a consensus-based minimum set of criteria for the diagnosis of malnutrition to be applied independent of clinical setting and aetiology, and to unify international terminology.
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              Esophageal cancer: Risk factors, genetic association, and treatment.

              The poor prognosis and rising incidence of esophageal cancer highlight the need for improved detection and prediction methods that are essential prior to treatment. Esophageal cancer is one of the most fatal malignancies worldwide, with a dramatic increase in incidence in the Western world occurring over the past few decades. Despite improvements in the management and treatment of esophageal cancer patients, the general outcome remains very poor for overall 5-year survival rates (∼10%) and 5-year postesophagectomy survival rates (∼15-40%). Esophageal cancer is often diagnosed during its advanced stages, the main reason being the lack of early clinical symptoms. In an attempt to improve the outcome of patients after surgery, such patients are often treated with neoadjuvent concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) in order to decrease tumor size. However, CCRT may enhance toxicity levels and possibly cause a delay in surgery for patients who respond poorly to CCRT. Thus, precise biomarkers that could predict or identify patients who may or may not respond well to CCRT can assist physicians in choosing the appropriate therapy for patients. Identifying susceptible gene and biomarkers can help in predicting the treatment response of patients while improving their survival rates.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                nh
                Nutrición Hospitalaria
                Nutr. Hosp.
                Grupo Arán (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                0212-1611
                1699-5198
                August 2020
                : 37
                : 4
                : 660-666
                Affiliations
                [3] Monte da Caparica orgnameCentro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz Portugal
                [2] Almada orgnameHospital Garcia de Orta orgdiv1GENE – Artificial Feeding Team orgdiv2Gastroenterology Department Portugal
                [1] Évora orgnameHospital Espírito Santo de Évora Portugal
                Article
                S0212-16112020000500004 S0212-1611(20)03700400004
                10.20960/nh.03024
                6373c141-5aeb-4d73-ab6c-b17e2cc66718

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 01 February 2020
                : 05 March 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 29, Pages: 7
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Original Papers

                Cáncer de esófago,Gastrostomía endoscópica percutánea,Nutritional support,Esophageal cancer,Apoyo nutricional,Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy

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