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      Role of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein measurements in HIV patients

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          Abstract

          As we herald into the 21 st century, the quality of life and the repertoire of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) have considerably improved. However, considerable work is still needed to educate the population about primary and secondary prevention modalities. Moreover, regular monitoring of immune response with patients on HAART with conventional biomarkers is still a problem in low resource settings which needs to be addressed. We aim to review high-sensitivity C-reactive protein as a potential biomarker in this regard.

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          C-reactive protein: a critical update.

          Mark Pepys, Gideon Hirschfield (2003)
          Article 0 comments Cited 521 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Adipokines: molecular links between obesity and atheroslcerosis.

            David Lau, Bikramjit Dhillon, Hongyun Yan … (2005)
            Atherosclerotic disease remains the leading cause of death in industrialized nations despite major advances in its diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. The increasing epidemic of obesity, insulin resistance, and diabetes will likely add to this burden. Increasingly, it is becoming apparent that adipose tissue is an active endocrine and paracrine organ that releases several bioactive mediators that influence not only body weight homeostasis but also inflammation, coagulation, fibrinolysis, insulin resistance, diabetes, and atherosclerosis. The cellular mechanisms linking obesity and atherosclerosis are complex and have not been fully elucidated. This review summarizes the experimental and clinical evidence on how excess body fat influences cardiovascular health through multiple yet converging pathways. The role of adipose tissue in the development of obesity-linked insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes will be reviewed, including an examination of the molecular links between obesity and atherosclerosis, namely, the effects of fat-derived adipokines. Finally, we will discuss how these new insights may provide us with innovative therapeutic strategies to improve cardiovascular health.
            Article 0 comments Cited 211 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Inflammation, Coagulation and Cardiovascular Disease in HIV-Infected Individuals

              Daniel A. Duprez, Jacqueline Neuhaus, Lewis Kuller … (2012)
              Background The SMART study was a trial of intermittent use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) (drug conservation [DC]) versus continuous use of ART (viral suppression [VS]) as a strategy to reduce toxicities, including cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. We studied the predictive value of high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and D-dimer with CVD morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected patients who were enrolled in SMART beyond other measured CVD risk factors. Methods A blood sample was available in 5098 participants who were enrolled in the SMART study for the measurement of IL-6, hsCRP and D-dimer. Hazard ratios (HR) with 95% CI for CVD events were estimated for each quartile (Q) for each biomarker vs the 1st quartile and for 1 SD higher levels. For both treatment groups combined, unadjusted and adjusted HRs were determined using Cox regression models. Results There were 252 participants who had a CVD event over a median follow-up of 29 months. Adjusted HRs (95% CI) for CVD for Q4 vs Q1 were 4.65 (2.61, 8.29), 2.10 (1.40, 3.16), and 2.14 (1.38, 3.33) for IL-6, hsCRP and D-dimer, respectively. Associations were similar for the DC and VS treatment groups (interaction p-values were >0.30). The addition of the three biomarkers to a model that included baseline covariates significantly improved model fit (p<0.001). Area under the curve (AUC) estimates improved with inclusion of the three biomarkers in a model that included baseline covariates corresponding to other CVD risk factors and HIV factors (0.741 to 0.771; p<0.001 for difference). Conclusions In HIV-infected individuals, IL-6, hsCRP and D-dimer are associated with an increased risk of CVD independent of other CVD risk factors. Further research is needed to determine whether these biomarkers can be used to improve CVD risk prediction among HIV positive individuals.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Indian J Sex Transm Dis
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Indian J Sex Transm Dis
                Journal ID (publisher-id): IJSTD
                Title: Indian Journal of Sexually Transmitted Diseases
                Publisher: Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd (India )
                ISSN (Print): 0253-7184
                ISSN (Electronic): 1998-3816
                Publication date (Print): Jul-Dec 2016
                Volume: 37
                Issue: 2
                Pages: 123-128
                Affiliations
                [1]Department of Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: Dr. Ruhi Khan, Department of Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh - 202 002, Uttar Pradesh, India. E-mail: drruhi5@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                Publisher ID: IJSTD-37-123
                DOI: 10.4103/0253-7184.192127
                PMC ID: 5111295
                PubMed ID: 27890944
                SO-VID: 63906231-6c9f-40bc-8ff7-38948d75f7cf
                Copyright © Copyright: © 2016 Indian Journal of Sexually Transmitted Diseases and AIDS
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as the author is credited and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.

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                Categories
                Subject: Review Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Sexual medicine
                Keywords: determinants of age of menopause,ethnicity and menopause,menopause,smoking and menopause
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Sexual medicine
                Keywords: determinants of age of menopause, ethnicity and menopause, menopause, smoking and menopause

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