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      Significant differences in cesarean section rates between a private and a public hospital in Brazil Translated title: Diferença notável nas taxas de parto cesariano em hospital público e hospital privado no Brasil

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          Abstract

          This paper evaluates the association of maternal variables and of variables related to prenatal and delivery care with cesarean sections at a public and at a private maternity. A retrospective cross-sectional study was performed at a public maternity clinic (2,889 deliveries) and at a private maternity clinic (2,911 deliveries) in the city of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo State, Brazil. The prevalence of cesarean sections was 18.9% at the public maternity clinic and 84.3% at the private one. The factors associated with cesarean sections at both hospitals were: mothers from other cities, aged > 25 years and with hypertension. Having more than one child was a protective factor. At the public hospital, cesarean sections were more frequent on Wednesdays and from 12:00 to 23:59 hours of any day of the week, whereas at the private hospital they occurred on any day, though were less common on Sundays, and at any time except in the early morning. At the private hospital, cesarean sections were more frequent when performed by the doctor who had provided the prenatal care. Non-medical factors were more associated with cesarean sections in the private maternity clinic than biological or clinical factors related to pregnancy.

          Translated abstract

          Este artigo avalia a associação de variáveis maternas e aquelas relacionadas ao cuidado pré-natal e ao parto com a ocorrência de cesáreas em um hospital público e em um hospital privado. Um estudo de corte transversal, retrospectivo, foi desenvolvido em uma maternidade pública (2.889 partos) e em uma maternidade privada (2.911 partos) em Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil. A prevalência de cesárea foi 18,9% e 84,3%, respectivamente, na maternidade pública e na particular. Os fatores associados ao parto cesariano nos dois hospitais foram: mães procedentes de outras cidades, com idade > 25 anos e hipertensas. Ter mais de um filho foi fator protetor. No hospital público, a cesárea foi mais freqüente às quartas-feiras e das 12h00min às 23h59min de qualquer dia da semana, enquanto no hospital privado prevaleceram em qualquer dia, exceto aos domingos, e em qualquer horário, exceto de madrugada. Neste hospital, a cesárea foi mais freqüente quando realizada pelo médico que acompanhou o pré-natal. Fatores não médicos foram mais associados com os partos operatórios na maternidade privada do que fatores biológicos ou clínicos das gestantes.

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          APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY FOR BIRTH

          (1985)
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            Consumer demand for caesarean sections in Brazil: informed decision making, patient choice, or social inequality? A population based birth cohort study linking ethnographic and epidemiological methods.

            To investigate why some women prefer caesarean sections and how decisions to medicalise birthing are influenced by patients, doctors, and the sociomedical environment. Population based birth cohort study, using ethnographic and epidemiological methods. Epidemiological study: women living in the urban area of Pelotas, Brazil who gave birth in hospital during the study. Ethnographic study: subsample of 80 women selected at random from the birth cohort. Nineteen medical staff were interviewed. 5304 women who gave birth in any of the city's hospitals in 1993. Birth by caesarean section or vaginal delivery. In both samples women from families with higher incomes and higher levels of education had caesarean sections more often than other women. Many lower to middle class women sought caesarean sections to avoid what they considered poor quality care and medical neglect, resulting from social prejudice. These women used medicalised prenatal and birthing health care to increase their chance of acquiring a caesarean section, particularly if they had social power in the home. Both social power and women's behaviour towards seeking medicalised health care remained significantly associated with type of birth after controlling for family income and maternal education. Fear of substandard care is behind many poor women's preferences for a caesarean section. Variables pertaining to women's role in the process of redefining and negotiating medical risks were much stronger correlates of caesarean section rates than income or education. The unequal distribution of medical technology has altered concepts of good and normal birthing. Arguments supporting interventionist birthing for all on the basis of equal access to health care must be reviewed.
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              Caesarean delivery rates and pregnancy outcomes: the 2005 WHO global survey on maternal and perinatal health in Latin America.

              Caesarean delivery rates continue to increase worldwide. Our aim was to assess the association between caesarean delivery and pregnancy outcome at the institutional level, adjusting for the pregnant population and institutional characteristics. For the 2005 WHO global survey on maternal and perinatal health, we assessed a multistage stratified sample, comprising 24 geographic regions in eight countries in Latin America. We obtained individual data for all women admitted for delivery over 3 months to 120 institutions randomly selected from of 410 identified institutions. We also obtained institutional-level data. We obtained data for 97,095 of 106,546 deliveries (91% coverage). The median rate of caesarean delivery was 33% (quartile range 24-43), with the highest rates of caesarean delivery noted in private hospitals (51%, 43-57). Institution-specific rates of caesarean delivery were affected by primiparity, previous caesarean delivery, and institutional complexity. Rate of caesarean delivery was positively associated with postpartum antibiotic treatment and severe maternal morbidity and mortality, even after adjustment for risk factors. Increase in the rate of caesarean delivery was associated with an increase in fetal mortality rates and higher numbers of babies admitted to intensive care for 7 days or longer even after adjustment for preterm delivery. Rates of preterm delivery and neonatal mortality both rose at rates of caesarean delivery of between 10% and 20%. High rates of caesarean delivery do not necessarily indicate better perinatal care and can be associated with harm.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                csp
                Cadernos de Saúde Pública
                Cad. Saúde Pública
                Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil )
                0102-311X
                1678-4464
                December 2008
                : 24
                : 12
                : 2909-2918
                Affiliations
                [01] Ribeirão Preto orgnameUniversidade de São Paulo orgdiv1Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto Brasil
                [02] São Luís orgnameUniversidade Federal do Maranhão orgdiv1Departamento de Saúde Pública Brasil
                [03] São Luís orgnameUniversidade Federal do Maranhão orgdiv1Departamento de Pediatria Brasil
                Article
                S0102-311X2008001200020 S0102-311X(08)02401220
                63e3ff60-d585-439d-a8d8-c2c0bcaacf6c

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 25 January 2008
                : 13 February 2008
                : 11 July 2007
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 22, Pages: 10
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI: Full text available only in PDF format (EN)
                Categories
                Article

                Cesarean Section,Maternidades,Idade Materna,Cuidado Pré-Natal,Cesária,Maternity Hospitals,Maternal Age,Prenatal Care

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