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      Gagueira desenvolvimental persistente familial: perspectivas genéticas Translated title: Familial persistent developmental stuttering: genetic perspectives

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          Abstract

          A gagueira é uma desordem da comunicação oral que tem uma característica multidimensional. A predisposição biológica no desenvolvimento da gagueira ainda não é bem compreendida, mas contribuições genéticas para esta predisposição são reforçadas tanto por referências à agregação familial da gagueira, quanto à gagueira familial, que têm aparecido na literatura há mais de 70 anos. Assim, procuramos estabelecer uma revisão quanto aos prováveis fatores genéticos envolvidos com a manifestação da gagueira desenvolvimental persistente familial. A identificação de genes relacionados à gagueira, bem como de alterações em suas estruturas (por exemplo, mutações), contribuem significativamente para sua compreensão. O modelo exato de transmissão da herança genética para a gagueira ainda não está claramente definida e, provavelmente pode ser diferente entre diferentes famílias e populações. As análises genômicas demonstram, concomitantemente, a relevância dos componentes genéticos envolvidos e sua complexidade, sugerindo assim tratar-se de uma doença poligênica, na qual diversos genes de efeitos variados podem estar envolvidos com o aumento da susceptibilidade de ocorrência da gagueira. O clínico deverá estar alerta ao fato de que uma criança com histórico familial positivo para gagueira poderá ter uma forte tendência a desenvolver o distúrbio de forma crônica. É importante que o clínico esteja atento, de modo a fornecer às famílias orientações precisas sobre o distúrbio. As avaliações objetivas e os tratamentos controlados têm um papel muito importante para o domínio da evolução do distúrbio.

          Translated abstract

          Stuttering is a disorder of oral communication that has a multidimensional character. The biological predisposition in the development of stuttering is still not well understood, but genetic contributions to this predisposition are enhanced by both references to the familial aggregation of stuttering and to familial stammering, which have appeared in the literature for over 70 years. Thus, we conducted a review as to the likely genetic factors involved in the manifestation of familial persistent developmental stuttering. The identification of genes related to stuttering, as well as alterations in their structures (e.g., mutations), contribute significantly to its understanding. The exact transmission pattern of genetic inheritance for stuttering is still not clearly defined and might probably be different among different families and populations. Genomic analysis have shown, concomitantly, the relevance of the genetic components involved and their complexity, thus suggesting that this is a polygenic disease in which several genes of different effects may be involved with the increased susceptibility of occurrence of stuttering. The clinician should be alert to the fact that a child with positive familial history for stuttering may have a strong tendency to develop the disorder chronically. It is important that the clinician is aware, in order to provide precise information about the disorder to the families. Objective evaluations and controlled treatments play an important role in the knowledge of the disorder's development.

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          Most cited references40

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          Disconnection of speech-relevant brain areas in persistent developmental stuttering.

          The neuronal basis of persistent developmental stuttering is unknown. The disorder could be related to a reduced left hemisphere dominance, which functional neuroimaging data suggest might lead to right hemispheric motor and premotor overactivation. Alternatively, the core deficit underlying stuttering might be located in the speech-dominant left hemisphere. Furthermore, magnetoencephalography study results show profound timing disturbances between areas involved in language preparation and execution in the left hemisphere, suggesting that persistent developmental stuttering might be related to impaired neuronal communication, possibly caused by a disruption of white matter fibre tracts. We aimed to establish whether disconnection between speech-related cortical areas was the structural basis of persistent developmental stuttering. We analysed the speech of 15 people with persistent developmental stuttering and 15 closely matched controls for the percentage of syllables stuttered. We used diffusion tensor imaging to assess participants' brain tissue structure, and used and two-sample t test to compare diffusion characteristics between groups. Diffusion characteristics of the group with persistent developmental stuttering and controls differed significantly immediately below the laryngeal and tongue representation in the left sensorimotor cortex (mean difference in fractional anisotropy 0.04 [95% CI 0.03-0.05]). Our findings show that persistent developmental stuttering results from disturbed timing of activation in speech-relevant brain areas, and suggest that right hemisphere overactivation merely reflects a compensatory mechanism, analogous to right hemisphere activation in aphasia.
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            Discovering genotypes underlying human phenotypes: past successes for mendelian disease, future approaches for complex disease.

            The past two decades have witnessed an explosion in the identification, largely by positional cloning, of genes associated with mendelian diseases. The roughly 1,200 genes that have been characterized have clarified our understanding of the molecular basis of human genetic disease. The principles derived from these successes should be applied now to strategies aimed at finding the considerably more elusive genes that underlie complex disease phenotypes. The distribution of types of mutation in mendelian disease genes argues for serious consideration of the early application of a genomic-scale sequence-based approach to association studies and against complete reliance on a positional cloning approach based on a map of anonymous single nucleotide polymorphism haplotypes.
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              Mutations in the lysosomal enzyme-targeting pathway and persistent stuttering.

              Stuttering is a disorder of unknown cause characterized by repetitions, prolongations, and interruptions in the flow of speech. Genetic factors have been implicated in this disorder, and previous studies of stuttering have identified linkage to markers on chromosome 12. We analyzed the chromosome 12q23.3 genomic region in consanguineous Pakistani families, some members of which had nonsyndromic stuttering and in unrelated case and control subjects from Pakistan and North America. We identified a missense mutation in the N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase gene (GNPTAB), which encodes the alpha and beta catalytic subunits of GlcNAc-phosphotransferase (GNPT [EC 2.7.8.15]), that was associated with stuttering in a large, consanguineous Pakistani family. This mutation occurred in the affected members of approximately 10% of Pakistani families studied, but it occurred only once in 192 chromosomes from unaffected, unrelated Pakistani control subjects and was not observed in 552 chromosomes from unaffected, unrelated North American control subjects. This and three other mutations in GNPTAB occurred in unrelated subjects with stuttering but not in control subjects. We also identified three mutations in the GNPTG gene, which encodes the gamma subunit of GNPT, in affected subjects of Asian and European descent but not in control subjects. Furthermore, we identified three mutations in the NAGPA gene, which encodes the so-called uncovering enzyme, in other affected subjects but not in control subjects. These genes encode enzymes that generate the mannose-6-phosphate signal, which directs a diverse group of hydrolases to the lysosome. Deficits in this system are associated with the mucolipidoses, rare lysosomal storage disorders that are most commonly associated with bone, connective tissue, and neurologic symptoms. Susceptibility to nonsyndromic stuttering is associated with variations in genes governing lysosomal metabolism. 2010 Massachusetts Medical Society
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rsbf
                Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Fonoaudiologia
                Rev. soc. bras. fonoaudiol.
                Sociedade Brasileira de Fonoaudiologia (São Paulo, SP, Brazil )
                1516-8034
                1982-0232
                December 2012
                : 17
                : 4
                : 489-494
                Affiliations
                [01] Botucatu SP orgnameUniversidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho orgdiv1Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu orgdiv2Programa de Pós-graduação (Mestrado) em Ciências Biológicas (Genética) Brasil
                [02] Botucatu SP orgnameUniversidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho orgdiv1Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu orgdiv2Programa de Pós-graduação (Doutorado) em Ciências Biológicas (Genética) Brasil
                [03] São Paulo SP orgnameUniversidade de São Paulo orgdiv1Faculdade de Medicina orgdiv2Departamento de Fisioterapia, Fonoaudiologia e Terapia Ocupacional Brasil
                [04] Botucatu SP orgnameUniversidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho orgdiv1Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu Brasil
                Article
                S1516-80342012000400021 S1516-8034(12)01700421
                641687be-d9bf-4536-9ac8-6ef6f1ac068f

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 31 August 2011
                : 11 May 2011
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 40, Pages: 6
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Artigos de Revisão

                Genes,Inheritance patterns,Speech, language, and hearing sciences,Fala,Gagueira,Genética,Padrões de herança,Speech,Stuttering,Genetics,Fonoaudiologia

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