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      Differential capacity of nitrogen assimilation between apical and basal leaf portions of a tank epiphytic bromeliad Translated title: Capacidade diferencial de assimilação de nitrogênio entre as porções foliares basal e apical em bromélias epífitas com tanque

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          Abstract

          The leaf is the main organ of the vegetative body of tank epiphytic bromeliads, which may be subdivided into apical and basal parts. Little is known about the existence of morphological, anatomical or physiological differences between these two leaf portions. The objective of this study was to verify the existence of a differential capacity to assimilate nitrogen from urea between basal and apical leaf portions of Vriesea gigantea, a tank epiphytic bromeliad. Plants were cultivated in vitro in the presence of 5 mM urea for 15 days. During this period, the activities of the enzymes glutamine synthetase (GS, EC 6.3.1.2) and NADH-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase (NADH-GDH, EC 1.4.1.2) were quantified, as well as the densities of trichomes and stomata found at the leaf surface of both regions. The highest activities of GS and NADH-GDH were always detected at the top portion, and on the 3rd day of in vitro cultivation an increase in these activities was detected. An inverse correlation between number of trichomes and stomata in these two leaf portions was verified: the top region presented 30% less trichomes and twice as many stomata as the basal region. This suggests that the upper region of the leaf may be preferentially involved with the assimilation of nitrogen from urea via GS and NADH-GDH, whereas the basal region may be involved with its absorption. This is the first study to report that ammonium assimilation may take place preferentially in a specific portion of tank-forming bromeliad leaves.

          Translated abstract

          A folha é o principal órgão do corpo vegetativo das bromélias epífitas com tanque, podendo ser subdividida em pelo menos duas porções distintas: apical e basal. Muito pouco se conhece acerca da existência de diferenças morfológicas, anatômicas ou fisiológicas entre essas porções. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a capacidade de assimilação do nitrogênio, proveniente da uréia, entre as porções basal e apical em folhas de Vriesea gigantea, uma bromélia epífita com tanque. Para tanto, plantas dessa espécie foram cultivadas in vitro na presença exclusiva de uréia (5 mM) como fonte de nitrogênio, por 15 dias. Durante esse período, quantificaram-se as atividades das enzimas sintetase da glutamina (GS) (EC 6.3.1.2) e desidrogenase do glutamato dependente de NADH (NADH-GDH) (EC 1.4.1.2), além das densidades de tricomas absorventes e estômatos encontrados nas superfícies foliares de ambas as regiões. As maiores atividades de GS e NADH-GDH sempre foram detectadas na porção apical, sendo que, no 3º dia de cultivo in vitro, houve um máximo de atividade. Constatou-se uma correlação inversa entre o número de tricomas e estômatos nessas duas porções foliares: a apical apresentou um menor número de tricomas (30% menor) e uma maior quantidade de estômatos (o dobro) quando comparada com a basal. Sugere-se que a região apical estaria, preferencialmente, envolvida com a assimilação do nitrogênio proveniente da uréia via GS ou NADH-GDH, enquanto a basal, possivelmente, com a sua absorção. Este é o primeiro relato a relacionar uma determinada porção foliar, de uma bromélia com tanque, com a assimilação do amônio, preferencialmente, nessa estrutura.

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          The role of glutamine synthetase and glutamate dehydrogenase in nitrogen assimilation and possibilities for improvement in the nitrogen utilization of crops.

          This short review outlines the central role of glutamine synthetase (GS) in plant nitrogen metabolism and discusses some possibilities for crop improvement. GS functions as the major assimilatory enzyme for ammonia produced from N fixation, and nitrate or ammonia nutrition. It also reassimilates ammonia released as a result of photorespiration and the breakdown of proteins and nitrogen transport compounds. GS is distributed in different subcellular locations (chloroplast and cytoplasm) and in different tissues and organs. This distribution probably changes as a function of the development of the tissue, for example, GS1 appears to play a key role in leaf senescence. The enzyme is the product of multiple genes with complex promoters that ensure the expression of the genes in an organ- and tissue-specific manner and in response to a number of environmental variables affecting the nutritional status of the cell. GS activity is also regulated post-translationally in a manner that involves 14-3-3 proteins and phosphorylation. GS and plant nitrogen metabolism is best viewed as a complex matrix continually changing during the development cycle of plants. Along with GS, a number of other enzymes play key roles in maintaining the balance of carbon and nitrogen. It is proposed that one of these is glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH). There is considerable evidence for a GDH shunt to return the carbon in amino acids back into reactions of carbon metabolism and the tri-carboxylic acid cycle. Results with transgenic plants containing transferred GS genes suggest that there may be ways in which it is possible to improve the efficiency with which crop plants use nitrogen. Marker-assisted breeding may also bring about such improvements.
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            Preparation of Thin Sections of Synthetic Resins and Wood-Resin Composites, and a New Macerating Method for Wood

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              Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                bjpp
                Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology
                Braz. J. Plant Physiol.
                Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology (Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil )
                1677-9452
                June 2007
                : 19
                : 2
                : 119-126
                Affiliations
                [01] São Paulo SP orgnameUniversidade de São Paulo orgdiv1Departamento de Botânica Brasil
                Article
                S1677-04202007000200004 S1677-0420(07)01900204
                643df324-d812-44d9-872a-9d17da5cf704

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 02 August 2007
                : 17 May 2007
                : 20 March 2007
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 28, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI: Full text available only in PDF format (EN)
                Categories
                Research Articles

                glutamate dehydrogenase,glutamine synthetase,stomata,urea,trichome,Bromeliaceae,desidrogenase do glutamato,estômato,sintetase da glutamina,tricoma,uréia

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