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      O impacto da formação no desempenho da arbitragem no futebol Translated title: El impacto de la capacitación en el desempeño del arbitraje en fútbol Translated title: The impact of training on football refereeing performance

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          Abstract

          RESUMO Objetivos: i) analisar as perceções de árbitros especialistas sobre a introdução de programas de formação de árbitros de futebol em Portugal; (ii) identificar diferenças nas classificações dos árbitros em função do estágio na Academia de Arbitragem (AA). Metodologia: foram realizados 2 estudos complementares. No primeiro foram entrevistados cinco especialistas da área. No segundo recolheram-se as classificações dos árbitros entre 2009-2019 (N=243) e constituíram-se 3 grupos conforme a sua formação: Grupo 1 (n=81) promovidos após estágio na AA; Grupo 2 (n=85) promovidos diretamente; Grupo 3 (n=76) nunca promovidos. Os resultados revelaram: i) uma mudança na estruturação da formação dos árbitros; ii) a sinalização de lacunas no processo formativo e classificativo; iii) a existência de uma cultura de individualismo e exigência no setor; iv) diferenças significativas no ranking médio entre o G3 e G1. Conclusão: são percecionadas melhorias no processo de formação, embora não se tenham verificado melhorias significativas no desempenho classificativo.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMEN Objetivos: i) analizar las percepciones de árbitros expertos sobre la introducción de programas de formación de árbitros de fútbol en Portugal; ii) identificar diferencias en las calificaciones de los árbitros, teniendo en cuenta sus prácticas en la Academia de Arbitraje (AA). Metodología: se realizaron dos estudios alternativos. De primero encuestaron a cinco expertos del área. En un segundo momento reunieron las calificaciones de los árbitros entre 2009-2019 y se formaron tres grupos de acuerdo con su categoría: Grupo 1 (n=81) árbitros ascendidos tras las prácticas en la AA; Grupo 2 ascendidos directamente; Grupo 3 que nunca ascendieron. Los resultados demostraron: - un cambio en la estructura formativa de los árbitros; la existencia de puntos débiles en el proceso formativo y calificativo; - existencia de una cultura de individualismo y exigencia en el sector; - diferencias considerables en el ranking medio entre el G3 y G1. Conclusión: Se comprueban mejores resultados en el proceso formativo, aunque lo mismo no ocurra respecto al desempeño calificativo.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT Objectives: i) analyze the perceptions of expert referees on the introduction of football referee training programs in Portugal; (ii) identify differences in the referees' ratings due to the internship at the Academia de Arbitragem (AA). Methodology: 2 Several complementary studies were carried out. In the First Study, five experts in the field were interviewed. In the second, the referees' classifications were collected between 2009-2019 (N = 243) and 3 groups were formed according to their formation: Group 1 (n = 81) promoted after an internship in AA; Group 2 (n = 85) promoted directly; Group 3 (n = 76) never promoted. The results revealed: i) a change in the structure of the training of referees; ii) signaling gaps in the formative and classifying process; iii) the existence of an individualistic culture and demand in the sector; iv) significant differences in the average ranking between the G3 and G1. Conclusion: There are improvements perceived in the training process, although there have been no significant improvements in the classification performance.

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          Qualitative content analysis as described in published literature shows conflicting opinions and unsolved issues regarding meaning and use of concepts, procedures and interpretation. This paper provides an overview of important concepts (manifest and latent content, unit of analysis, meaning unit, condensation, abstraction, content area, code, category and theme) related to qualitative content analysis; illustrates the use of concepts related to the research procedure; and proposes measures to achieve trustworthiness (credibility, dependability and transferability) throughout the steps of the research procedure. Interpretation in qualitative content analysis is discussed in light of Watzlawick et al.'s [Pragmatics of Human Communication. A Study of Interactional Patterns, Pathologies and Paradoxes. W.W. Norton & Company, New York, London] theory of communication.
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            Does Mentoring Matter? A Multidisciplinary Meta-Analysis Comparing Mentored and Non-Mentored Individuals.

            The study of mentoring has generally been conducted within disciplinary silos with a specific type of mentoring relationship as a focus. The purpose of this article is to quantitatively review the three major areas of mentoring research (youth, academic, workplace) to determine the overall effect size associated with mentoring outcomes for protégés. We also explored whether the relationship between mentoring and protégé outcomes varied by the type of mentoring relationship (youth, academic, workplace). Results demonstrate that mentoring is associated with a wide range of favorable behavioral, attitudinal, health-related, relational, motivational, and career outcomes, although the effect size is generally small. Some differences were also found across type of mentoring. Generally, larger effect sizes were detected for academic and workplace mentoring compared to youth mentoring. Implications for future research, theory, and applied practice are provided.
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              Effectiveness of Mentoring Programs for Youth: A Meta-Analytic Review

              We used meta-analysis to review 55 evaluations of the effects of mentoring programs on youth. Overall, findings provide evidence of only a modest or small benefit of program participation for the average youth. Program effects are enhanced significantly, however, when greater numbers of both theory-based and empirically based "best practices" are utilized and when strong relationships are formed between mentors and youth. Youth from backgrounds of environmental risk and disadvantage appear most likely to benefit from participation in mentoring programs. Outcomes for youth at-risk due to personal vulnerabilities have varied substantially in relation to program characteristics, with a noteworthy potential evident for poorly implemented programs to actually have an adverse effect on such youth. Recommendations include greater adherence to guidelines for the design and implementation of effective mentoring programs as well as more in-depth assessment of relationship and contextual factors in the evaluation of programs.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                cpd
                Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte
                CPD
                Universidad de Murcia (Murcia, Región de Murcia, Spain )
                1578-8423
                1989-5879
                April 2021
                : 21
                : 1
                : 43-59
                Affiliations
                [2] Covilhã orgnameUniversidade da Beira Interior orgdiv1Department of Sport Sciences Portugal
                [1] Covilhã orgnameUniversidade da Beira Interior orgdiv1Department of Psychology and Education Portugal
                [3] orgnameCIDESD, Research center in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development Portugal
                [5] orgnameLabCom - Comunicação e Artes Portugal
                [4] Oeiras orgnamePortuguese Football Federation orgdiv1Portugal Football School Portugal
                Article
                S1578-84232021000100043 S1578-8423(21)02100100043
                657b2b45-143e-4a0f-852d-4add289da8e8

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 International License.

                History
                : 23 September 2020
                : 30 January 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 67, Pages: 17
                Product

                SciELO Spain


                excelência,training,educação formal,formação,carreira,árbitros de fútbol,carrera,excellence,educación formal,entrenamiento,excelencia,career,árbitros de futebol,football referees,formal education

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