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      Alternativas a fungicidas sintéticos no controle da antracnose da banana Translated title: Alternatives to fungicides in the control of banana anthracnose

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          Abstract

          RESUMO Dentre as doenças de pós-colheita em banana, a antracnose (Colletotrichum musae), destaca-se entre os mais importantes fatores limitantes da produção no mundo. Com objetivo de controlar esse patógeno, avaliou-se a atividade fungitóxica dos extratos e óleos essenciais de Lippia sidoides Cham., Caryophillus aromaticus L. e Eucalyptus citriodora Hook.; dos antagonistas Trichoderma sp., levedura IA8, e um isolado de Bacillus subtilis; dos indutores de resistência Acibenzolar-S-Metil, fosfito e ácido salicílico e dos produtos anti-microbianos, hipoclorito de sódio, dióxido de cloro e sorbato de potássio, através de ensaios in vitro e in vivo. Os testes in vitro os tratamentos foram incorporados em meio de cultura BDA + tetraciclina (50 µg.mL-1), nas concentrações de 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 % (p/v) de cada extrato bruto; 0, 25, 50 e 100 µL de cada óleo; 0,05 g, 0,3 g e 300 µL dos indutores Acibenzolar-S-Metil, ácido salicílico e fosfito repectivamente, 0,1 g, 25 mL e 100 µL dos anti-microbianos, sorbato de potássio, hipoclorito de sódio e dióxido de cloro, respectivamente. A atividade antagônica foi determinada pelo método de culturas pareadas para Trichoderma sp. e pelo método do funil para a levedura IA8, ambos cultivados em placas de Petri contendo meio BDA. B. subtilis (já formulado) foi testado na proporção de 100 µL/100 mL de BDA. Placas contendo apenas meio BDA ou o fungicida carbendazim (10 µL/100 mL), foram usadas para efeitos comparativos. Todos os tratamentos foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com cinco repetições cada, incubadas a 28 ± 2o C e fotoperíodo de 12 h durante sete dias. As médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5 % de probabilidade. Nos testes in vivo foram usadas bananas “Prata” com dois orifícios cada, onde foram depositados 20 µL de cada tratamento utilizado in vitro (extratos e óleos essenciais, antagonistas, produtos sanitizantes e indutores de resistência). Doze horas após incubação, as bananas foram inoculadas com 20 µL da suspensão de esporos de C. musae (2,7x104 conídios/mL) e distribuídos em bandejas plásticas (5 bananas/bandeja/tratamento) em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, cada orifício representando uma repetição. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5 % de probabilidade. Os resultados in vitro observou-se que os extratos e óleos essenciais de L. sidoides e C. aromaticus, em todas as concentrações testadas, assim como o ácido salicílico e o hipoclorito de sódio foram tão efetivos quanto o controle químico, em inibir o crescimento do patógeno em 100 %. O fosfito e os antagonistas Trichoderma sp. e B. subtilis também exerceram excelente atividade fungitóxica com reduções de 91,8; 84,0 e 74,0 % respectivamente. Nos testes in vivo apenas Trichoderma sp e hipoclorito de sódio apresentaram reduções significativas (acima de 50 %) no desenvolvimento de lesões nas bananas.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT Of the postharvest banana diseases, anthracnose (Colletotrichum musae), stands out among the most important limiting factors in the world. In order to control this pathogen, we evaluated the fungitoxic activity of extracts and essential oils from Lippia sidoides Cham., Caryophillus aromaticus L. Hook and Eucalyptus citriodora; antagonists Trichoderma sp yeast IA8, and one isolate of Bacillus subtilis; resistance of the inductors Acibenzolar-S-Methyl, salicylic acid and phosphite; and antimicrobial products of sodium hypochlorite, chlorine dioxide, and potassium sorbate, both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro tests were incorporated into treatments through BDA + tetracycline culture (50 μg.mL -1) at concentrations of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 % (p/v) of each crude extract; 0, 25, 50 and 100 µL of each oil; 0.05g, 0.3g and 300 µL of the inductors Acibenzolar-S-Methyl, salicylic acid and phosphite respectively; and 0.1g, 25mL and 100µL of the antimicrobials potassium sorbate, sodium hypochlorite and chlorine dioxide, respectively. The antagonistic activity was determined by the method of paired cultures for Trichoderma sp. and by the funnel method for IA8 yeast, both cultured in Petri dishes containing BDA medium. B. subtilis (already drawn) was tested at the proportion of 100 μL/100 mL of BDA. Plates containing only BDA and the fungicide carbendazim (10 μL/100 mL) were used for comparative purposes. All treatments were distributed in a completely randomized design with five replicates each, and incubated at 28 ± 2°C in a 12 h photoperiod for seven days. Means were compared by Tukey test at 5 % probability. In vivo tests utilized “Silver” bananas with two holes each, into which were deposited 20 µL of each treatment used in vitro (extracts and essential oils, antagonists, sanitizer products and resistance inducers). Twelve hours after incubation, the bananas were inoculated with 20 µL of spore suspension of C. musae (2.7 x 104 conidia/ml) and distributed into plastic trays (5 bananas / bin / treatment), in a completely randomized design with each hole representing a repetition. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and means were compared by Tukey test at 5 % probability. The in vitro results demonstrated that the essential oils and extracts of L. sidoides and C. aromaticus at all concentrations tested, as well as salicylic acid and sodium hypochlorite, were as effective as the chemical control at inhibiting the pathogen growth at 100 %. The phosphite and antagonists Trichoderma sp. and B. subtilis also exerted great fungitoxicity with respective reductions of 91.8, 84.0 and 74.0 %. In vivo tests only Trichoderma sp and sodium hypochlorite showed significant reductions (over 50 %) in lesion development in bananas.

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          Trichoderma Biocontrol of Colletotrichum acutatum and Botrytis cinerea and Survival in Strawberry

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            Efeito do óleo de Piper aduncum no controle em pós-colheita de Colletotricum musae em banana

            Em pós-colheita, a podridão dos frutos causada por Colletotrichum musae é a doença mais importante da banana (Musa spp.). Testes in vitro e in vivo foram realizados com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito fungitóxico do óleo essencial de pimenta-de-macaco (Piper aduncum) sobre o patógeno. Nas concentrações acima de 100 µg/ml, o óleo inibiu, em 100%, o crescimento micelial e a germinação dos conídios. No teste in vivo foram usados frutos de banana "Prata", nos quais foram feitos orifícios com vasador de rolhas (0,5 cm de diâmetro) e colocados 20 µl de suspensão de conídios (2 x 10(4) conídios/ml) e, em seguida, aplicados 20 µl de diferentes concentrações do óleo. Os resultados mostraram que o óleo na concentração 1% foi eficaz, sendo capaz de impedir a manifestação de podridões nos frutos de banana.
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              Field Sprays of Bacillus subtilis and Fungicides for Control of Preharvest Fruit Diseases of Avocado in South Africa

              In 3 consecutive years, preharvest applications of Bacillus subtilis field sprays integrated with copper oxychloride or benomyl consistently reduced severity of avocado black spot (BS), caused by Pseudocercospora purpurea at Omega, Republic of South Africa. Control was equal to that obtained with copper oxychloride or benomyl-copper oxychloride in the first and third years of spraying at Omega. In the second year, only the integrated treatment controlled BS, while copper oxychloride proved ineffective. The antagonist was applied on its own or integrated with copper oxychloride sprays at two other geographically distinct locations, Westfalia Estate and Waterval. The integrated and biological treatments at these localities were less effective than copper oxychloride sprays in controlling BS disease. Integrated control was more effective than B. subtilis sprays at Westfalia. On continuation of the biological spray program at Waterval for an additional three seasons, control was as effective as copper oxychloride in the last 2 years of spraying. Sooty blotch (SB), caused by an Akaropeltopsis sp., was reduced by the integrated treatment at Omega during the second season and at Westfalia during the first season. Although the two fungicide treatments reduced SB at Omega in the first season, copper oxychloride increased it above that of the control in the third season. Only the copper oxychloride treatment reduced SB at Waterval in the third season, while the B. subtilis treatment increased disease above that of the control in the fourth season.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                sp
                Summa Phytopathologica
                Summa phytopathol.
                Grupo Paulista de Fitopatologia (Botucatu, SP, Brazil )
                0100-5405
                1980-5454
                December 2016
                : 42
                : 4
                : 340-350
                Affiliations
                [01] Ceará orgnameUniversidade Federal do Ceará orgdiv1Engenheira Agrônoma Brazil
                [03] Fortaleza orgnameEmpresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária Brazil
                [02] Fortaleza orgnameEmpresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária Brazil
                Article
                S0100-54052016000400340
                10.1590/0100-5405/2000
                65c094a1-c24d-4e18-8703-d0cb26a48fd5

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 25 April 2014
                : 06 October 2015
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 50, Pages: 11
                Product

                SciELO Brazil


                Colletotricum musae,atividade fungitóxica,post-harvest,pós-colheita,Colletotrichum musae,antagonismo,fungitoxic activity,antagonism

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