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      A Detailed Phylogenetic Analysis of FIV in the United States

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      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: PLoS ONE
      Publisher: Public Library of Science

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          Abstract

          Background

          Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a lentivirus associated with AIDS-like illnesses in cats and has been used as a model for the study of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). A feature of HIV and FIV infection is the continually increasing divergence among viral isolates between different individuals, as well as within the same individuals.

          Methodology/Principal Findings

          The goal of this study was to determine the phylogenetic patterns of viral isolates obtained within the United States (U.S.) by focusing on the variable, V3-V4, region of the FIV envelope gene.

          Conclusions/Significance

          Data indicate that FIV, from within the U.S., localize to four viral clades, A, B, C, and F. Also shown is the geographic isolation of strains where clade A and clade B are found predominately on the west coast; however, clade B is also found throughout the U.S. and represents the predominant clade. This study presents a complete and conclusive analysis of FIV isolates from within the U.S. and may be used as the essential basis for the development of an effective multi-clade vaccine.

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          Most cited references39

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          Isolation of a T-lymphotropic virus from domestic cats with an immunodeficiency-like syndrome.

          Hector Ho, J Yamamoto, M Wiktor … (1987)
          A highly T-lymphotropic virus was isolated from cats in a cattery in which all the animals were seronegative for feline leukemia virus. A number of cats in one pen had died and several had an immunodeficiency-like syndrome. Only 1 of 18 normal cats in the cattery showed serologic evidence of infection with this new virus, whereas 10 of 25 cats with signs of ill health were seropositive for the virus. Tentatively designated feline T-lymphotropic lentivirus, this new feline retrovirus appears to be antigenically distinct from human immunodeficiency virus. There is no evidence for cat-to-human transmission of the agent. Kittens experimentally infected by way of blood or plasma from naturally infected animals developed generalized lymphadenopathy several weeks later, became transiently febrile and leukopenic, and continued to show a generalized lymphadenopathy 5 months after infection.
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            Epidemiologic and clinical aspects of feline immunodeficiency virus infection in cats from the continental United States and Canada and possible mode of transmission.

            R Nakamura, T Morishita, J Yamamoto … (1989)
            The epidemiologic features of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection were evaluated in 2,765 cats from the United States and Canada. Of these cats, 2,254 were considered by veterinarians to be at high risk for the infection, and 511 were healthy cats considered to be at low or unknown risk. Of the cats in the high-risk group, 318 (14%) were found to be infected with FIV. The infection rate among low- or unknown-risk cats was 6 of 511 (1.2%). Male cats in the high-risk group were 3 times more likely to be infected than were females, similarly as were cats greater than 6 years old, compared with younger cats; domestic cats, compared with purebred cats; and free-roaming cats, compared with confined cats. Feline immunodeficiency virus and FeLV infections did not appear to be linked with each other; 16% of FeLV-infected cats in the high- and low-risk groups were coinfected with FIV. In contrast, there was a pronounced linkage between FIV and feline syncytium-forming virus (FeSFV) infections. Seventy-four percent of FeSFV-infected cats in the high-risk study group were coinfected with FIV, compared with a 38% FIV infection rate among cats that were not infected with FeSFV. The major clinical manifestations associated with FIV infection in cats that were surveyed included chronic oral cavity infections (56%), chronic upper respiratory tract disease (34%), chronic enteritis (19%), and chronic conjunctivitis (11%). Bacterial infections of the urinary tract (cystitis), skin, and ears were seen in a small proportion of cats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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              Worldwide prevalence of lentivirus infection in wild feline species: epidemiologic and phylogenetic aspects.

              ROBERT LANGLEY, R Goeken, Jeremy C Packer … (1992)
              The natural occurrence of lentiviruses closely related to feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) in nondomestic felid species is shown here to be worldwide. Cross-reactive antibodies to FIV were common in several free-ranging populations of large cats, including East African lions and cheetahs of the Serengeti ecosystem and in puma (also called cougar or mountain lion) populations throughout North America. Infectious puma lentivirus (PLV) was isolated from several Florida panthers, a severely endangered relict puma subspecies inhabiting the Big Cypress Swamp and Everglades ecosystems in southern Florida. Phylogenetic analysis of PLV genomic sequences from disparate geographic isolates revealed appreciable divergence from domestic cat FIV sequences as well as between PLV sequences found in different North American locales. The level of sequence divergence between PLV and FIV was greater than the level of divergence between human and certain simian immunodeficiency viruses, suggesting that the transmission of FIV between feline species is infrequent and parallels in time the emergence of HIV from simian ancestors.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                : Role: Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
                Journal ID (pmc): plosone
                Title: PLoS ONE
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, USA )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203
                Publication date Collection: 2010
                Publication date (Electronic): 9 August 2010
                Volume: 5
                Issue: 8
                Electronic Location Identifier: e12004
                Affiliations
                [1]Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
                Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, South Africa
                Author notes

                Conceived and designed the experiments: EAW. Performed the experiments: EAW. Analyzed the data: EAW. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: EAW. Wrote the paper: EAW.

                Article
                Publisher ID: 10-PONE-RA-19062R1
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012004
                PMC ID: 2918497
                PubMed ID: 20711253
                SO-VID: 65f5ba70-726c-4030-a70f-37ebaafef7d4
                Copyright © Eric A. Weaver. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
                History
                Date received : 19 May 2010
                Date accepted : 12 July 2010
                Page count
                Pages: 9
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: Immunology
                Subject: Molecular Biology/Bioinformatics
                Subject: Virology/Animal Models of Infection
                Subject: Virology/Vaccines
                Subject: Virology/Virus Evolution and Symbiosis

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized
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                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized

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