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      Shrinkage Stresses Generated during Resin-Composite Applications: A Review

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          Abstract

          Many developments have been made in the field of resin composites for dental applications. However, the manifestation of shrinkage due to the polymerization process continues to be a major problem. The material's shrinkage, associated with dynamic development of elastic modulus, creates stresses within the material and its interface with the tooth structure. As a consequence, marginal failure and subsequent secondary caries, marginal staining, restoration displacement, tooth fracture, and/or post-operative sensitivity are clinical drawbacks of resin-composite applications. The aim of the current paper is to present an overview about the shrinkage stresses created during resin-composite applications, consequences, and advances. The paper is based on results of many researches that are available in the literature.

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          An application of nanotechnology in advanced dental materials.

          Li-dong Wu, Sumita Mitra, DaJuanicia N. Holmes (2003)
          This article reports the authors' development of nanofillers and a resulting nanocomposite. They measured the nanocomposite's properties in vitro in comparison with those of several existing composites (hybrids, microhybrids and microfill). The authors developed two types of nanofillers: nanomeric particles and nanoclusters. They used optimal combinations of these nanofillers in a proprietary resin matrix to prepare the nanocomposite system with a wide range of shades and opacities. The properties they studied were compressive, diametral tensile and flexural strengths; in vitro three-body wear; fracture resistance; polish retention; and surface morphology after toothbrush abrasion. They performed statistical analysis using analysis of variance/Tukey-Kramer paired analysis at a 95 percent confidence interval. The compressive and diametral strengths and the fracture resistance of the nanocomposite were equivalent to or higher than those of the other commercial composites tested. The three-body wear results of the nanocomposite system were statistically better than those of all other composites tested. The nanocomposite showed better polish retention than the hybrids and microhybrids tested at the extended brushing periods. After extended toothbrush abrasion, the dentin, body and enamel shades showed polish retention equivalent to that of the microfill tested, while translucent shades showed better polish retention than the microfill. The dental nanocomposite system studied showed high translucency, high polish and polish retention similar to those of microfills while maintaining physical properties and wear resistance equivalent to those of several hybrid composites. The strength and esthetic properties of the resin-based nanocomposite tested should allow the clinician to use it for both anterior and posterior restorations.
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            Resin composites in dentistry: the monomer systems.

            A Peutzfeldt (1997)
            The present review outlines the history of monomers used in resin composites, motivates further development, and highlights recent and ongoing research reported in the field of dental monomer systems. The monomer systems of most present-day resin composites are based on BisGMA, developed some 40 years ago, or derivatives of BisGMA. In the remaining resin composites, urethane monomers or oligomers are used as the basis of the monomer system. The main deficiencies of current resin composites are polymerization shrinkage and insufficient wear resistance under high masticatory forces. Both factors are highly influenced by the monomer system, and considerable efforts are being made around the world to reduce or eliminate these undesirable properties. The use of fluoride-releasing monomer systems, some of which are under investigation, has been suggested to mitigate the negative effects of marginal gaps formed in consequence of polymerization shrinkage. The very crux of the problem has also been approached with the synthesis of potentially low-shrinking/non-shrinking resin composites involving ring opening or cyclopolymerizable monomers. By the use of additives with a supposed chain transfer agent function, monomer systems have been formulated that improve the degree of conversion of methacrylate double bonds and mechanical properties. Many promising monomer systems have been devised, the implementation of which may be expected to improve the longevity of resin composite fillings and expand the indications for resin composites.
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              Effect of chemical structure on degree of conversion in light-cured dimethacrylate-based dental resins.

              I Sideridou, V Tserki, G Papanastasiou (2002)
              In this work the room-temperature photopolymerization of Bis-GMA, Bis-EMA, urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA) and triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) induced by camphoroquinone/N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, as photo-initiator system, was followed by FT-IR. The results obtained were then fitted by a non-linear least square method to a rational function, which permitted the accurate calculation of the limiting degree of conversion. The latter was found to increase in the order Bis-GMA < Bis-EMA < UDMA < TEGDMA. This trend is discussed in connection with the chemical structure of dimethacrylates. The photopolymerization of mixtures of Bis-GMA/TEGDMA, Bis-GMA/UDMA and Bis-GMA/Bis-EMA showed a good linear relationship of degree of conversion with the mole fraction of Bis-GMA and in the case of the first pair also with the Tg of the initial monomer mixture.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Dent Biomech
                Journal ID (publisher-id): JDB
                Title: Journal of Dental Biomechanics
                Publisher: Hindawi Publishing Corporation
                ISSN (Electronic): 1758-7360
                Publication date Collection: 2010
                Publication date (Electronic): 30 September 2009
                Volume: 2010
                Electronic Location Identifier: 131630
                Affiliations
                1Department of Restorative Dentistry, The University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo 99001-970, RS, Brazil
                2Biomaterials Research Group, School of Dentistry, University of Manchester, Higher Cambridge Street, Manchester M15 6FH, UK
                Author notes

                Academic Editor: Martyn Sherriff

                Article
                DOI: 10.4061/2010/131630
                PMC ID: 2951111
                PubMed ID: 20948573
                SO-VID: 65fecb2c-0da1-4323-a2e0-2769770f78ca
                Copyright © Copyright © 2010 Luis Felipe J. Schneider et al.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 13 March 2009
                Date accepted : 8 July 2009
                Categories
                Subject: Review Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Dentistry
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Dentistry

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