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      Accuracy of chest auscultation in detecting abnormal respiratory mechanics in the immediate postoperative period after cardiac surgery Translated title: Acurácia da ausculta torácica na detecção de mecânica respiratória anormal no pós-operatório imediato de cirurgia cardíaca

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          ABSTRACT

          Objective:

          To investigate the accuracy of chest auscultation in detecting abnormal respiratory mechanics.

          Methods:

          We evaluated 200 mechanically ventilated patients in the immediate postoperative period after cardiac surgery. We assessed respiratory system mechanics - static compliance of the respiratory system (C st,rs) and respiratory system resistance (R,rs) - after which two independent examiners, blinded to the respiratory system mechanics data, performed chest auscultation.

          Results:

          Neither decreased/abolished breath sounds nor crackles were associated with decreased C st,rs (≤ 60 mL/cmH 2O), regardless of the examiner. The overall accuracy of chest auscultation was 34.0% and 42.0% for examiners A and B, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of chest auscultation for detecting decreased/abolished breath sounds or crackles were 25.1% and 68.3%, respectively, for examiner A, versus 36.4% and 63.4%, respectively, for examiner B. Based on the judgments made by examiner A, there was a weak association between increased R,rs (≥ 15 cmH 2O/L/s) and rhonchi or wheezing (ϕ = 0.31, p < 0.01). The overall accuracy for detecting rhonchi or wheezing was 89.5% and 85.0% for examiners A and B, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity for detecting rhonchi or wheezing were 30.0% and 96.1%, respectively, for examiner A, versus 10.0% and 93.3%, respectively, for examiner B.

          Conclusions:

          Chest auscultation does not appear to be an accurate diagnostic method for detecting abnormal respiratory mechanics in mechanically ventilated patients in the immediate postoperative period after cardiac surgery.

          RESUMO

          Objetivo:

          Investigar a acurácia da ausculta torácica na detecção de mecânica respiratória anormal.

          Métodos:

          Foram avaliados 200 pacientes sob ventilação mecânica no pós-operatório imediato de cirurgia cardíaca. Foi avaliada a mecânica do sistema respiratório - complacência estática do sistema respiratório (C est,sr) e resistência do sistema respiratório (R,sr) - e, em seguida, dois examinadores independentes, que desconheciam os dados referentes à mecânica do sistema respiratório, realizaram a ausculta torácica.

          Resultados:

          Nem murmúrio vesicular diminuído/abolido nem crepitações foram associados à C est,sr reduzida (≤ 60 ml/cmH 2O), independentemente do examinador. A acurácia global da ausculta torácica foi de 34,0% e 42,0% para os examinadores A e B, respectivamente. A sensibilidade e a especificidade da ausculta torácica para a detecção de murmúrio vesicular diminuído/abolido e/ou crepitações foi de 25,1% e 68,3%, respectivamente, para o examinador A, versus 36,4% e 63,4%, respectivamente, para o examinador B. Com base nos julgamentos feitos pelo examinador A, houve uma fraca associação entre R,sr aumentada (≥ 15 cmH 2O/l/s) e roncos e/ou sibilos (ϕ = 0,31, p < 0,01). A acurácia global para a detecção de roncos e/ou sibilos foi de 89,5% e 85,0% para os examinadores A e B, respectivamente. A sensibilidade e a especificidade para a detecção de roncos e/ou sibilos foi de 30,0% e 96,1%, respectivamente, para o examinador A, versus 10,0% e 93,3%, respectivamente, para o examinador B.

          Conclusões:

          A ausculta torácica não parece ser um método diagnóstico acurado para a detecção de mecânica respiratória anormal em pacientes sob ventilação mecânica no pós-operatório imediato de cirurgia cardíaca.

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          Most cited references33

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          Evidence-based guidelines for weaning and discontinuing ventilatory support: a collective task force facilitated by the American College of Chest Physicians; the American Association for Respiratory Care; and the American College of Critical Care Medicine.

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            Respiratory sounds. Advances beyond the stethoscope.

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              Pulmonary complications after cardiac surgery.

              Over the past two decades there has been a steady evolution in the practice of adult cardiac surgery with the introduction of "off-pump" surgery. However, respiratory complications remain a leading cause of postcardiac surgical morbidity and can prolong hospital stays and increase costs. The high incidence of pulmonary complications is in part due to the disruption of normal ventilatory function that is inherent to surgery in the thoracic region. Furthermore, patients undergoing such surgery often have underlying illnesses such as intrinsic lung disease (e.g., chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) and pulmonary dysfunction secondary to cardiac disease (e.g., congestive heart failure) that increase their susceptibility to postoperative respiratory problems. Given that many patients undergoing cardiac surgery are thus susceptiple to pulmonary complications, it is remarkable that more patients do not suffer from them during and after cardiac surgery. This is to a large degree because of advances in anesthetic, surgical and critical care that, for example, have reduced the physiological insults of surgery (e.g., better myocardial preservation techniques) and streamlined care in the immediate postoperative period (e.g., early extubation). Moreover, the development of minimally invasive surgery and nonbypass techniques are further evidence of the attempts at reducing the homeostatic disruptions of cardiac surgery. This review examines the available information on the incidences, consequences, and treatments of postcardiac surgery respiratory complications.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                J Bras Pneumol
                J Bras Pneumol
                jbpneu
                Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia
                Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisiologia
                1806-3713
                1806-3756
                Sep-Oct 2019
                Sep-Oct 2019
                : 45
                : 5
                : e20180032
                Affiliations
                [1 ]. Laboratório de Fisiologia Respiratória, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília (DF) Brasil.
                [2 ]. Instituto de Cardiologia do Distrito Federal, Brasília (DF) Brasil.
                [3 ]. Divisão de Fisioterapia, Hospital Universitário de Brasília, Brasília (DF) Brasil.
                [4 ]. Divisão de Pneumologia, Hospital Universitário de Brasília, Brasília (DF) Brasil.
                Author notes
                [Correspondence to: ] César Augusto Melo-Silva. Laboratório de Fisiologia Respiratória, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, CEP 70910-900, Brasília, DF, Brasil. Tel.: 55 61 98164-2100. E-mail: cesarmelo@ 123456unb.br
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6098-0747
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3544-6999
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9621-2443
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4253-4935
                Article
                00203
                10.1590/1806-3713/e20180032
                6715162
                31365614
                66727e36-219c-4086-8464-505535012350
                © 2019 Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisiologia

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License

                History
                : 23 January 2018
                : 07 December 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 4, Tables: 8, Equations: 4, References: 31
                Categories
                Original Article

                diagnostic tests, routine,physical examination,respiratory sounds,respiratory mechanics,data accuracy,respiration, artificial,testes diagnósticos de rotina,exame físico,sons respiratórios,mecânica respiratória,acurácia dos dados,respiração artificial

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