Organic cherry tomato yield and quality as affect by intercropping green manure <span class="so-article-trans-title"> Translated title: Produtividade e qualidade do minitomate org&acirc;nico consorciado com adubos verdes </span>

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Abstract

ABSTRACT. The aim of the study was to determine the yield and quality parameters of organic cherry tomatoes cultivated by intercropping with green manure in two successive years. The experimental design was a randomized block with eight treatments and five replicates as follows: two controls with single cherry tomato crop, one with straw addition and the other without corn straw as a cover crop; cherry tomato intercropped with jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis DC); tomato intercropped with white lupine (Lupinus albus L.); tomato intercropped with sun hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.); tomato intercropped with velvet bean-dwarf [Mucuna deeringiana (Bort) Merrill]; tomato intercropped with mung bean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]; and tomato intercropped with cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.]. All the treatments with green manure received corn straw as mulch. The treatment group with cowpea had a lower number and weight of commercial fruits compared to the velvet bean-dwarf and jack bean treatments. The number and weight of the commercial fruits were lower in the second year. The fruits in the first year exhibited a higher average weight, a lower nutrient content and a lower soluble solids total TSS/AT ratio than the second year fruits. Green manures did not negatively affect the quality or nutrient content of the tomato fruit.

Translated abstract

RESUMO. O objetivo do trabalho foi determinar parâmetros produtivos e de qualidade do minitomate orgânico cultivado em consócio com os adubos verdes em dois anos sucessivos. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos casualizados com oito tratamentos e cinco repetições, sendo os tratamentos: duas testemunhas com minitomate solteiro, sendo uma com palha e outra sem palha de milho em cobertura, minitomate intercalar com feijão-de-porco (Canavalia ensiformis DC), minitomate intercalar com Crotalária-júncea (Crotalaria juncea L.), minitomate intercalar com mucuna-anã [Mucuna deeringiana (Bort) Merrill], minitomate intercalar com feijão-mungo [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek], minitomate intercalar com tremoço-branco (Lupinus albus L.), minitomate intercalar com feijão-caupi [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.], sendo que todos os tratamentos com adubo verde intercalar receberam em cobertura a palha de milho. O tratamento com feijão-caupi teve menor número e peso de frutos comerciais comparados com os tratamentos mucuna-anã e feijão-de-porco, respectivamente. O número e peso dos frutos comerciais foram menores no segundo ano. Os frutos no primeiro ano apresentaram maior peso médio, menor teor de nutriente e menor relação solido solúveis totais SST/ATT acidez titulável total do que no segundo ano. Os adubos verdes não afetaram negativamente a qualidade nem os teores de nutrientes do fruto do minitomate.

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Sugar transporters for intercellular exchange and nutrition of pathogens.

Li-Qing Chen, Bi-Huei Hou, Sylvie Lalonde … (2010)

Sugar efflux transporters are essential for the maintenance of animal blood glucose levels, plant nectar production, and plant seed and pollen development. Despite broad biological importance, the identity of sugar efflux transporters has remained elusive. Using optical glucose sensors, we identified a new class of sugar transporters, named SWEETs, and show that at least six out of seventeen Arabidopsis, two out of over twenty rice and two out of seven homologues in Caenorhabditis elegans, and the single copy human protein, mediate glucose transport. Arabidopsis SWEET8 is essential for pollen viability, and the rice homologues SWEET11 and SWEET14 are specifically exploited by bacterial pathogens for virulence by means of direct binding of a bacterial effector to the SWEET promoter. Bacterial symbionts and fungal and bacterial pathogens induce the expression of different SWEET genes, indicating that the sugar efflux function of SWEET transporters is probably targeted by pathogens and symbionts for nutritional gain. The metazoan homologues may be involved in sugar efflux from intestinal, liver, epididymis and mammary cells.

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Comparing the yields of organic and conventional agriculture.

Verena Seufert, Navin Ramankutty, Jonathan Foley (2012)

Numerous reports have emphasized the need for major changes in the global food system: agriculture must meet the twin challenge of feeding a growing population, with rising demand for meat and high-calorie diets, while simultaneously minimizing its global environmental impacts. Organic farming—a system aimed at producing food with minimal harm to ecosystems, animals or humans—is often proposed as a solution. However, critics argue that organic agriculture may have lower yields and would therefore need more land to produce the same amount of food as conventional farms, resulting in more widespread deforestation and biodiversity loss, and thus undermining the environmental benefits of organic practices. Here we use a comprehensive meta-analysis to examine the relative yield performance of organic and conventional farming systems globally. Our analysis of available data shows that, overall, organic yields are typically lower than conventional yields. But these yield differences are highly contextual, depending on system and site characteristics, and range from 5% lower organic yields (rain-fed legumes and perennials on weak-acidic to weak-alkaline soils), 13% lower yields (when best organic practices are used), to 34% lower yields (when the conventional and organic systems are most comparable). Under certain conditions—that is, with good management practices, particular crop types and growing conditions—organic systems can thus nearly match conventional yields, whereas under others it at present cannot. To establish organic agriculture as an important tool in sustainable food production, the factors limiting organic yields need to be more fully understood, alongside assessments of the many social, environmental and economic benefits of organic farming systems.