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      Assessment of oligoclonal bands in cerebrospinal fluid and serum of dogs with meningoencephalitis of unknown origin

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          Abstract

          Background

          Meningoencephalitis of unknown origin (MUO) is an inflammatory disease of the canine central nervous system (CNS) that shares several features with multiple sclerosis (MS) in humans. In approximately 95% of MS patients, ≥ two immunoglobulin G (IgG) oligoclonal bands (OCBs) are detectable exclusively in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

          Hypothesis/objectives

          To investigate OCBs in CSF and serum in dogs affected by MUO, intervertebral disc disease (IVDD), idiopathic epilepsy (IE), intracranial neoplasia (IN), steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis (SRMA), and diseases outside the CNS. We hypothesize that the highest prevalence of CSF-specific OCBs (≥ two OCBs uniquely in the CSF) would be found in dogs affected by MUO.

          Animals

          Client-owned dogs (n = 121) presented to the neurology service due to neurological deficits.

          Methods

          Prospective study. Measurement of IgG concentration in CSF and serum via a canine IgG ELISA kit. OCB detection via isoelectric focusing (IEF) and immunoblot.

          Results

          Presence of CSF-specific OCBs was significantly higher in dogs with MUO (57%) compared to 22% in IN, 6% in IE, 15% in SRMA, 13% in IVDD, and 0% in the non-CNS group (p < .001). Dogs with MUO were 9.9 times more likely to show CSF-specific OCBs than all other diseases together (95% confidence interval, 3.7–26.4; p < .001).

          Conclusions and clinical importance

          MUO showed the highest prevalence of CSF-specific OCBs, indicating an inflammatory B cell response. Future studies are needed to evaluate the prevalence in the specific MUO subtypes and a possible similarity with human MS.

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          Most cited references38

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          Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria

          Alan Thompson, Brenda Banwell, Frederik Barkhof … (2018)
          The 2010 McDonald criteria for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis are widely used in research and clinical practice. Scientific advances in the past 7 years suggest that they might no longer provide the most up-to-date guidance for clinicians and researchers. The International Panel on Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis reviewed the 2010 McDonald criteria and recommended revisions. The 2017 McDonald criteria continue to apply primarily to patients experiencing a typical clinically isolated syndrome, define what is needed to fulfil dissemination in time and space of lesions in the CNS, and stress the need for no better explanation for the presentation. The following changes were made: in patients with a typical clinically isolated syndrome and clinical or MRI demonstration of dissemination in space, the presence of CSF-specific oligoclonal bands allows a diagnosis of multiple sclerosis; symptomatic lesions can be used to demonstrate dissemination in space or time in patients with supratentorial, infratentorial, or spinal cord syndrome; and cortical lesions can be used to demonstrate dissemination in space. Research to further refine the criteria should focus on optic nerve involvement, validation in diverse populations, and incorporation of advanced imaging, neurophysiological, and body fluid markers.
          Article 0 comments Cited 1745 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Multiple sclerosis - a review

            R. Dobson, G Giovannoni (2019)
            Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the commonest non-traumatic disabling disease to affect young adults. The incidence of MS is increasing worldwide, together with the socioeconomic impact of the disease. The underlying cause of MS and mechanisms behind this increase remain opaque, although complex gene-environment interactions almost certainly play a significant role. The epidemiology of MS indicates that low serum levels of vitamin D, smoking, childhood obesity and infection with the Epstein-Barr virus are likely to play a role in disease development. Changes in diagnostic methods and criteria mean that people with MS can be diagnosed increasingly early in their disease trajectory. Alongside this, treatments for MS have increased exponentially in number, efficacy and risk. There is now the possibility of a diagnosis of 'pre-symptomatic MS' being made; as a result potentially preventive strategies could be studied. In this comprehensive review, MS epidemiology, potential aetiological factors and pathology are discussed, before moving on to clinical aspects of MS diagnosis and management.
            Article 0 comments Cited 483 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Sex ratio of multiple sclerosis in Canada: a longitudinal study.

              Sarah-Michelle Orton, Blanca Herrera, Irene Yee … (2006)
              Incidence of multiple sclerosis is thought to be increasing, but this notion has been difficult to substantiate. In a longitudinal population-based dataset of patients with multiple sclerosis obtained over more than three decades, we did not show a difference in time to diagnosis by sex. We reasoned that if a sex-specific change in incidence was occurring, the female to male sex ratio would serve as a surrogate of incidence change. Since environmental risk factors seem to act early in life, we calculated sex ratios by birth year in 27 074 Canadian patients with multiple sclerosis identified as part of a longitudinal population-based dataset. The female to male sex ratio by year of birth has been increasing for at least 50 years and now exceeds 3.2:1 in Canada. Year of birth was a significant predictor for sex ratio (p<0.0001, chi(2)=124.4; rank correlation r=0.84). The substantial increase in the female to male sex ratio in Canada seems to result from a disproportional increase in incidence of multiple sclerosis in women. This rapid change must have environmental origins even if it is associated with a gene-environment interaction, and implies that a large proportion of multiple sclerosis cases may be preventable in situ. Although the reasons why incidence of the disease is increasing are unknown, there are major implications for health-care provision because lifetime costs of multiple sclerosis exceed pound1 million per case in the UK.
              Article 0 comments Cited 199 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Julia K. Prümmer:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5878-8687
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ValidationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Veronika M. Stein: Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Eliane Marti:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1284-4350
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – original draft
                Andreas Lutterotti: Role: ConceptualizationRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draft
                Ilijas Jelcic: Role: ConceptualizationRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: SupervisionRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draft
                Gertraud Schüpbach-Regula: Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – original draft
                Thorsten Buch: Role: ConceptualizationRole: Project administrationRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – original draft
                Arianna Maiolini: Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: SupervisionRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Tommaso Martino: Role: Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS One
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
                Title: PLOS ONE
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203
                Publication date (Electronic): 25 January 2023
                Publication date Collection: 2023
                Volume: 18
                Issue: 1
                Electronic Location Identifier: e0280864
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Division of Clinical Neurology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
                [2 ] Division of Neurological Sciences, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
                [3 ] Department of Neurology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
                [4 ] Department of Clinical Research and Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
                [5 ] Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
                Policlinico Riuniti of Foggia: Neuroscience Department, S.C. Ospedaliera of Neurology-Stroke Unit, ITALY
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5878-8687
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1284-4350
                Article
                Publisher ID: PONE-D-22-17414
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280864
                PMC ID: 9876372
                PubMed ID: 36696385
                SO-VID: 67052521-9e72-4b79-aac7-9aacf6350ef0
                Copyright © © 2023 Prümmer et al
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 25 July 2022
                Date accepted : 9 January 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 5, Tables: 3, Pages: 16
                Funding
                Funded by: Board of Specialization of the Vetsuisse Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bern
                Award Recipient :
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5878-8687
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100018835, Albert-Heim-Stiftung;
                Award Recipient :
                This work was supported by the Board of Specialization of the Vetsuisse Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bern as well as the Albert-Heim-Stiftung, Bern. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Organisms
                Subject: Eukaryota
                Subject: Animals
                Subject: Vertebrates
                Subject: Amniotes
                Subject: Mammals
                Subject: Dogs
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Zoology
                Subject: Animals
                Subject: Vertebrates
                Subject: Amniotes
                Subject: Mammals
                Subject: Dogs
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Anatomy
                Subject: Body Fluids
                Subject: Cerebrospinal Fluid
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Anatomy
                Subject: Body Fluids
                Subject: Cerebrospinal Fluid
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Physiology
                Subject: Body Fluids
                Subject: Cerebrospinal Fluid
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Anatomy
                Subject: Nervous System
                Subject: Cerebrospinal Fluid
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Anatomy
                Subject: Nervous System
                Subject: Cerebrospinal Fluid
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Clinical Medicine
                Subject: Clinical Immunology
                Subject: Autoimmune Diseases
                Subject: Multiple Sclerosis
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Immunology
                Subject: Clinical Immunology
                Subject: Autoimmune Diseases
                Subject: Multiple Sclerosis
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Immunology
                Subject: Clinical Immunology
                Subject: Autoimmune Diseases
                Subject: Multiple Sclerosis
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Medical Conditions
                Subject: Demyelinating Disorders
                Subject: Multiple Sclerosis
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Neurology
                Subject: Demyelinating Disorders
                Subject: Multiple Sclerosis
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Medical Conditions
                Subject: Neurodegenerative Diseases
                Subject: Multiple Sclerosis
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Neurology
                Subject: Neurodegenerative Diseases
                Subject: Multiple Sclerosis
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Veterinary Science
                Subject: Veterinary Medicine
                Subject: Veterinary Diagnostics
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Anatomy
                Subject: Nervous System
                Subject: Central Nervous System
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Anatomy
                Subject: Nervous System
                Subject: Central Nervous System
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Diagnostic Medicine
                Subject: Diagnostic Radiology
                Subject: Magnetic Resonance Imaging
                Subject: Research and Analysis Methods
                Subject: Imaging Techniques
                Subject: Diagnostic Radiology
                Subject: Magnetic Resonance Imaging
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Radiology and Imaging
                Subject: Diagnostic Radiology
                Subject: Magnetic Resonance Imaging
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Diagnostic Medicine
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Medical Conditions
                Subject: Infectious Diseases
                Subject: Infectious Diseases of the Nervous System
                Subject: Meningoencephalitis
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Neurology
                Subject: Infectious Diseases of the Nervous System
                Subject: Meningoencephalitis
                Custom metadata
                Data Availability All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting information files.

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