EML4‐ALK biology and drug resistance in non‐small cell lung cancer: a new phase of discoveries

Abstract

Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) can be driven to oncogenic activity by different types of mutational events such as point‐mutations, for example F1174L in neuroblastoma, and gene fusions, for example with echinoderm microtubule‐associated protein‐like 4 (EML4) in non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). EML4‐ALK variants result from different breakpoints, generating fusions of different sizes and properties. The most common variants (Variant 1 and Variant 3) form cellular compartments with distinct physical properties. The presence of a partial, probably misfolded beta‐propeller domain in variant 1 confers solid‐like properties to the compartments it forms, greater dependence on Hsp90 for protein stability and higher cell sensitivity to ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). These differences translate to the clinic because variant 3, on average, worsens patient prognosis and increases metastatic risk. Latest generation ALK‐TKIs are beneficial for most patients with EML4‐ALK fusions. However, resistance to ALK inhibitors can occur via point‐mutations within the kinase domain of the EML4‐ALK fusion, for example G1202R, reducing inhibitor effectiveness. Here, we discuss the biology of EML4‐ALK variants, their impact on treatment response, ALK‐TKI drug resistance mechanisms and potential combination therapies.

Abstract

Schematic overview of EML4‐ALK resistance mechanisms. EML4‐ALK variants generate proteins of different sizes that form cellular compartments. This drives cancer signalling and promotes cancer cell survival pathways that can be blocked with ALK‐TKIs. Resistance pathways can be on‐target and diminish the efficacy of ALK‐TKIs; or off‐target, and bypass the requirement for ALK activity altogether.